The UNESCO World Heritage List is a globally recognized collection of cultural and natural sites of outstanding universal value, carefully selected by the World Heritage Committee since its inception in 1978. Each year, new sites are inscribed, reflecting humanity’s diverse heritage, from ancient cities and sacred temples to breathtaking natural landscapes and geological wonders. These designations help protect and preserve sites of exceptional significance, ensuring their legacy for future generations. The list spans nearly every continent, showcasing achievements in architecture, engineering, art, and environmental conservation. Many sites are also recognized for their historical importance, documenting pivotal moments in human civilization, from prehistoric settlements to modern industrial achievements. With each passing year, the UNESCO World Heritage List continues to grow, offering a remarkable record of human and natural history across the world.

2024 (46th session)

The 46th session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee took place in India, where 24 new sites were inscribed, comprising 19 cultural, 4 natural, and 1 mixed site. These additions reflect a broad range of historical, archaeological, and ecological significance, reinforcing UNESCO’s commitment to preserving global heritage.

Cultural Sites

• Royal Court of Tiébélé, Burkina Faso
  UNESCO Reference no. 1713
  A remarkable example of traditional Kassena architecture, featuring intricately decorated earthen structures that reflect the community’s social and cultural identity.
• Beijing Central Axis: A Building Ensemble Exhibiting the Ideal Order of the Chinese Capital, China
  UNESCO Reference no. 1714
  A symbolic and historical urban design spanning centuries, showcasing the architectural and political evolution of Beijing.
• Melka Kunture and Balchit: Archaeological and Palaeontological Sites in the Highland Area of Ethiopia, Ethiopia
  UNESCO Reference no. 13
  An important prehistoric site featuring evidence of early human occupation, tool-making, and faunal remains, offering insights into human evolution in the Ethiopian highlands.
• Schwerin Residence Ensemble, Germany
  UNESCO Reference no. 1705
  A significant representation of 19th-century European palace architecture, blending cultural influences and historical governance.
• Moidams – The Mound-Burial System of the Ahom Dynasty, India
  UNESCO Reference no. 1711
  The royal burial mounds of the Ahom dynasty, reflecting unique cultural and mortuary traditions in northeastern India.
• Hegmataneh, Iran
  UNESCO Reference no. 1716
  An ancient city with archaeological remains dating back to the Median period, showcasing early urban planning and civilization.
• Via Appia. Regina Viarum, Italy
  UNESCO Reference no. 1708
  One of the most significant Roman roads, playing a key role in the empire’s expansion and facilitating economic and cultural exchanges.
• Sado Island Gold Mines, Japan
  UNESCO Reference no. 1698
  A historical site representing Japan’s mining heritage, demonstrating advanced mining techniques used during the Edo period.
• Umm Al-Jimāl, Jordan
  UNESCO Reference no. 1721
  A well-preserved ancient town showcasing Nabataean, Roman, Byzantine, and Islamic influences through its architectural remains.
• The Historic Town and Archaeological Site of Gedi, Kenya
  UNESCO Reference no. 1720
  A Swahili town with extensive ruins revealing the rich trade and cultural exchanges along the East African coast.
• The Archaeological Heritage of Niah National Park’s Caves Complex, Malaysia
  UNESCO Reference no. 1014
  A prehistoric site providing insights into early human occupation and cultural evolution in Southeast Asia.
• Saint Hilarion Monastery/Tell Umm Amer, Palestine
  UNESCO Reference no. 1749
  An important Christian monastic complex reflecting Byzantine religious and architectural history.
• Frontiers of the Roman Empire – Dacia, Romania
  UNESCO Reference no. 1718
  A segment of the Roman frontier system showcasing military and urban structures from the Dacian provinces.
• Brâncusi Monumental Ensemble of Târgu Jiu, Romania
  UNESCO Reference no. 1473
  A tribute to Romanian sculptor Constantin Brâncusi, featuring monumental works symbolizing national identity.
• Cultural Landscape of Kenozero Lake, Russia
  UNESCO Reference no. 1688
  A unique cultural and natural landscape showcasing traditional Russian wooden architecture and sacred sites.
• The Cultural Landscape of Al-Faw Archaeological Area, Saudi Arabia
  UNESCO Reference no. 1712
  An ancient Arabian city reflecting early urbanization, trade, and cultural exchanges in the Arabian Peninsula.
• Human Rights, Liberation and Reconciliation: Nelson Mandela Legacy Sites, South Africa
  UNESCO Reference no. 1676
  A collection of sites linked to Nelson Mandela and South Africa’s struggle for democracy and human rights.
• The Emergence of Modern Human Behaviour: The Pleistocene Occupation Sites of South Africa, South Africa
  UNESCO Reference no. 1723
  Archaeological sites providing crucial evidence of early modern human behavior and cultural developments.
• Phu Phrabat, a testimony to the Sīma stone tradition of the Dvaravati period, Thailand
  UNESCO Reference no. 1507
  A significant site reflecting religious and cultural practices during the Dvaravati period through its rock art and stone markers.

Natural Sites

• Vjetrenica Cave, Ravno, Bosnia and Herzegovina
  UNESCO Reference no. 1673
  A vast karst cave system known for its unique underground biodiversity and stunning geological formations.
• Lençóis Maranhenses National Park, Brazil
  UNESCO Reference no. 1611
  A surreal desert landscape interspersed with freshwater lagoons, creating a unique ecological phenomenon.
• Badain Jaran Desert – Towers of Sand and Lakes, China
  UNESCO Reference no. 1638
  A striking desert landscape featuring the tallest sand dunes in the world alongside mysterious freshwater lakes.
• The Flow Country, United Kingdom
  UNESCO Reference no. 1722
  One of the largest peatland ecosystems, playing a critical role in global carbon storage and climate regulation.

Mixed Site

• Te Henua Enata – The Marquesas Islands, France (French Polynesia)
  UNESCO Reference no. 1707
  A cultural and natural site showcasing Polynesian heritage, vibrant traditions, and remarkable biodiversity.

The 46th session continued UNESCO’s mission to safeguard global heritage, highlighting both ancient cultural traditions and unique natural ecosystems. These new additions reinforce the importance of preserving human history and environmental wonders for future generations.

2023 (45th session)

The 45th session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, originally planned for June 2022 in Kazan, Russia, was postponed due to geopolitical events and later rescheduled to 10-25 September 2023 in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. This session included nominations from both 2022 and 2023, leading to the inscription of 42 new sites, comprising 33 cultural sites and 9 natural sites, further enriching the World Heritage List.

Cultural Sites

• ESMA Museum and Site of Memory – Former Clandestine Center of Detention, Torture and Extermination, Argentina
  UNESCO Reference no. 1681
  A site of historical memory commemorating the victims of Argentina’s last military dictatorship.
• Cultural Landscape of Khinalig People and “Köç Yolu” Transhumance Route, Azerbaijan
  UNESCO Reference no. 1696
  A highland settlement preserving the nomadic transhumance traditions of the Khinalig people.
• Funerary and Memory Sites of the First World War (Western Front), Belgium, France
  UNESCO Reference no. 1567
  Cemeteries, memorials, and battlefield sites honoring those who perished during World War I.
• Koh Ker: Archeological Site of Ancient Lingapura or Chok Gargyar, Cambodia
  UNESCO Reference no. 1667
  The ruins of a 10th-century Khmer capital, featuring unique temple architecture.
• Tr’ondëk-Klondike, Canada
  UNESCO Reference no. 1564
  A cultural landscape associated with Indigenous heritage and the Klondike Gold Rush.
• Cultural Landscape of Old Tea Forests of the Jingmai Mountain in Pu’er, China
  UNESCO Reference no. 1665
  A historical tea cultivation region sustaining centuries-old traditions.
• Žatec and the Landscape of Saaz Hops, Czech Republic
  UNESCO Reference no. 1558
  A landscape shaped by centuries of hop cultivation and brewing traditions.
• Viking-Age Ring Fortresses, Denmark
  UNESCO Reference no. 1660
  A series of strategically built fortresses from the Viking Age.
• The Gedeo Cultural Landscape, Ethiopia
  UNESCO Reference no. 1641
  A living cultural landscape known for its traditional agroforestry system.
• The Maison Carrée of Nîmes, France
  UNESCO Reference no. 1569
  A remarkably well-preserved Roman temple from the early 1st century.
• Jewish-Medieval Heritage of Erfurt, Germany
  UNESCO Reference no. 1656
  A testament to medieval Jewish life and architectural heritage.
• Zagori Cultural Landscape, Greece
  UNESCO Reference no. 1695
  A mountainous region with well-preserved stone villages reflecting traditional architecture.
• National Archaeological Park Tak’alik Ab’aj, Guatemala
  UNESCO Reference no. 1663
  A ceremonial center illustrating the transition between Olmec and Maya cultures.
• Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysalas, India
  UNESCO Reference no. 1670
  A collection of intricately carved Hindu temples from the 12th-13th centuries.
• Santiniketan, India
  UNESCO Reference no. 1375
  An educational and cultural center founded by Rabindranath Tagore.
• The Cosmological Axis of Yogyakarta and its Historic Landmarks, Indonesia
  UNESCO Reference no. 1671
  A symbolic urban and spiritual layout rooted in Javanese cosmology.
• The Persian Caravanserai, Iran
  UNESCO Reference no. 1668
  A network of historic roadside inns along major trade routes.
• Old Town of Kuldīga, Latvia
  UNESCO Reference no. 1658
  A well-preserved historic town reflecting the Hanseatic League’s influence.
• Modernist Kaunas: Architecture of Optimism, 1919-1939, Lithuania
  UNESCO Reference no. 1661
  A cityscape characterized by early 20th-century modernist architecture.
• Deer Stone Monuments and Related Bronze Age Sites, Mongolia
  UNESCO Reference no. 1621
  Megalithic monuments associated with ancient nomadic cultures.
• Eisinga Planetarium in Franeker, Netherlands
  UNESCO Reference no. 1683
  The world’s oldest functioning planetarium, built in the 18th century.
• Ancient Jericho/Tell es-Sultan, Palestine
  UNESCO Reference no. 1687
  An archaeological site showcasing one of the world’s oldest continuously inhabited cities.
• Astronomical Observatories of Kazan Federal University, Russia
  UNESCO Reference no. 1678
  A historic center of astronomical research in Russia.
• Memorial Sites of the Genocide: Nyamata, Murambi, Gisozi and Bisesero, Rwanda
  UNESCO Reference no. 1586
  Sites commemorating the victims of the 1994 Rwandan Genocide.
• Gaya Tumuli, South Korea
  UNESCO Reference no. 1666
  A collection of burial mounds from the Gaya Confederacy, reflecting the unique funerary practices and social hierarchy of the period.
• Prehistoric Sites of Talayotic Menorca, Spain
  UNESCO Reference no. 1528
  An extensive collection of prehistoric monuments on the island of Menorca, showcasing the unique Talayotic culture that thrived during the Bronze and Iron Ages.
• Jodensavanne Archaeological Site: Jodensavanne Settlement and Cassipora Creek Cemetery, Suriname
  UNESCO Reference no. 1680
  A historic Jewish settlement in the tropical forests of Suriname, featuring remnants of one of the earliest Jewish agricultural colonies in the Americas, including a 17th-century synagogue and burial grounds.
• Silk Roads: Zarafshan-Karakum Corridor, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan
  UNESCO Reference no. 1675
  A trade route segment with historical caravanserais, fortresses, and cultural sites.
• The Ancient Town of Si Thep and its Associated Dvaravati Monuments, Thailand
  UNESCO Reference no. 1662
  A significant archaeological site reflecting early Dvaravati civilization.
• Djerba: Testimony to a Settlement Pattern in an Island Territory, Tunisia
  UNESCO Reference no. 1640
  An island settlement demonstrating a unique blend of cultural influences.
• Gordion, Turkey
  UNESCO Reference no. 1669
  The capital of the Phrygian kingdom and home to the legendary King Midas.
• Wooden Hypostyle Mosques of Medieval Anatolia, Turkey
  UNESCO Reference no. 1694
  A collection of mosques showcasing medieval Anatolian architectural styles.
• Hopewell Ceremonial Earthworks, United States
  UNESCO Reference no. 1689
  Prehistoric earthen mounds constructed by the Hopewell culture.

Natural Sites

• Anticosti, Canada
  UNESCO Reference no. 1686
  A fossil-rich island with remarkable geological formations.
• Forest Massif of Odzala-Kokoua, Congo
  UNESCO Reference no. 692
  A vital rainforest ecosystem with rich biodiversity.
• Bale Mountains National Park, Ethiopia
  UNESCO Reference no. 111
  A high-altitude landscape home to rare and endemic species.
• Volcanoes and Forests of Mount Pelée and the Pitons of Northern Martinique, France (Martinique)
  UNESCO Reference no. 1657
  A unique volcanic ecosystem with significant biodiversity.
• Evaporitic Karst and Caves of Northern Apennines, Italy
  UNESCO Reference no. 1692
  A geologically significant karst system.
• Cold Winter Deserts of Turan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan
  UNESCO Reference no. 1693
  An extensive desert ecosystem supporting rare flora and fauna.
• Nyungwe National Park, Rwanda
  UNESCO Reference no. 1697
  A montane rainforest with exceptional biodiversity.
• Tugay Forests of the Tigrovaya Balka Nature Reserve, Tajikistan
  UNESCO Reference no. 1685
  A unique riverine forest ecosystem in Central Asia.
• ‘Uruq Bani Ma’arid, Saudi Arabia
  UNESCO Reference no. 1699
  A protected desert landscape home to Arabian wildlife.

The 45th session of the World Heritage Committee marked a significant expansion of the UNESCO World Heritage List, adding a diverse range of cultural and natural sites from across the globe. These inscriptions contribute to the ongoing effort to preserve and celebrate humanity’s shared heritage.

2023 (18th extraordinary session)

The 18th extraordinary session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, held in January 2023, resulted in the emergency inscription of three cultural sites to the World Heritage List and the List of World Heritage in Danger due to ongoing conflicts and preservation threats.

Cultural Sites

• Rachid Karami International Fair-Tripoli, Lebanon
  UNESCO Reference no. 1702
  A modernist architectural masterpiece designed by Oscar Niemeyer, symbolizing Lebanon’s aspirations for cultural and economic development.
• The Historic Centre of Odesa, Ukraine
  UNESCO Reference no. 1703
  A port city with a rich history and a blend of architectural styles, crucial to regional trade and cultural exchange.
• Landmarks of the Ancient Kingdom of Saba, Marib, Yemen
  UNESCO Reference no. 1700
  A collection of archaeological sites linked to the Sabaean civilization, reflecting its advanced irrigation systems and trade networks.

The 18th extraordinary session emphasized the urgent need for protection and preservation of these sites amidst ongoing threats, ensuring their historical and cultural significance endures for future generations.

2021 (44th session)

The 44th session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, originally planned for 2020 but postponed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, resulted in the inscription of 34 new sites. These included 29 cultural and 5 natural properties, showcasing a broad spectrum of human achievements and natural wonders.

Cultural Sites

• The Great Spa Towns of Europe, Austria / Belgium / Czech Republic / France / Germany / Italy / United Kingdom
  UNESCO Reference no. 1613
  A collection of historic spa towns that flourished from the 18th to 20th centuries, known for their therapeutic waters and architectural elegance.
• Frontiers of the Roman Empire – The Danube Limes (Western Segment), Austria / Germany / Slovakia
  UNESCO Reference no. 1608
  A section of the vast Roman frontier fortifications along the Danube River.
• Colonies of Benevolence, Belgium / Netherlands
  UNESCO Reference no. 1555
  A 19th-century social experiment aimed at reducing poverty through agricultural settlements.
• Sítio Roberto Burle Marx, Brazil
  UNESCO Reference no. 1620
  A unique cultural landscape designed by the renowned landscape architect Roberto Burle Marx, blending art and nature.
• Settlement and Artificial Mummification of the Chinchorro Culture in the Arica and Parinacota Region, Chile
  UNESCO Reference no. 1634
  An archaeological site containing some of the world’s oldest known mummies.
• Quanzhou: Emporium of the World in Song-Yuan China, China
  UNESCO Reference no. 1561
  A major maritime trade hub during the Song and Yuan dynasties.
• Sudanese style mosques in northern Côte d’Ivoire, Côte d’Ivoire
  UNESCO Reference no. 1648
  A collection of adobe mosques showcasing Sudano-Sahelian architecture.
• Cordouan Lighthouse, France
  UNESCO Reference no. 1625
  A masterpiece of maritime engineering and architecture, built between the 16th and 17th centuries.
• Nice, Winter Resort Town of the Riviera, France
  UNESCO Reference no. 1635
  A prestigious seaside resort that developed in the 19th century, attracting European aristocracy.
• Mathildenhöhe Darmstadt, Germany
  UNESCO Reference no. 1614
  A center of early 20th-century artistic and architectural movements.
• ShUM Sites of Speyer, Worms, and Mainz, Germany
  UNESCO Reference no. 1636
  Three Jewish heritage sites significant for medieval Ashkenazi culture.
• Frontiers of the Roman Empire – The Lower German Limes, Germany / Netherlands
  UNESCO Reference no. 1631
  Another stretch of the Roman frontier system, marking the empire’s northern boundary.
• Dholavira: a Harappan City, India
  UNESCO Reference no. 1645
  A major archaeological site of the Indus Valley Civilization, featuring sophisticated water management.
• Kakatiya Rudreshwara (Ramappa) Temple, Telangana, India
  UNESCO Reference no. 1570
  A masterpiece of Kakatiya-era temple architecture.
• Cultural Landscape of Hawraman / Uramanat, Iran
  UNESCO Reference no. 1647
  A mountainous cultural landscape inhabited for thousands of years.
• Trans-Iranian Railway, Iran
  UNESCO Reference no. 1585
  A major engineering feat connecting the Persian Gulf to the Caspian Sea.
• Padua’s fourteenth-century fresco cycles, Italy
  UNESCO Reference no. 1623
  A series of masterful frescoes, including works by Giotto.
• The Porticoes of Bologna, Italy
  UNESCO Reference no. 1650
  A defining architectural feature of the historic city of Bologna.
• Jōmon Prehistoric Sites in Northern Japan, Japan
  UNESCO Reference no. 1632
  A collection of archaeological sites representing Japan’s ancient Jōmon culture.
• As-Salt – The Place of Tolerance and Urban Hospitality, Jordan
  UNESCO Reference no. 689
  A city known for its historical architecture and multi-faith coexistence.
• Chankillo Archaeoastronomical Complex, Peru
  UNESCO Reference no. 1624
  A 2,300-year-old solar observatory used for calendrical purposes.
• Roșia Montană Mining Landscape, Romania
  UNESCO Reference no. 1552
  A significant Roman-era gold mining site.
• Petroglyphs of Lake Onega and the White Sea, Russia
  UNESCO Reference no. 1654
  A vast collection of prehistoric rock carvings.
• Ḥimā Cultural Area, Saudi Arabia
  UNESCO Reference no. 1619
  A site with ancient rock inscriptions and caravan routes.
• The works of Jože Plečnik in Ljubljana – Human Centred Urban Design, Slovenia
  UNESCO Reference no. 1643
  A collection of architectural masterpieces by Jože Plečnik.
• Paseo del Prado and Buen Retiro, a landscape of Arts and Sciences, Spain
  UNESCO Reference no. 1618
  A cultural axis in Madrid integrating museums, gardens, and urban planning.
• Arslantepe Mound, Turkey
  UNESCO Reference no. 1622
  An ancient site with early state formation evidence.
• The Slate Landscape of Northwest Wales, United Kingdom
  UNESCO Reference no. 1633
  A historic industrial landscape related to Welsh slate mining.
• The work of engineer Eladio Dieste: Church of Atlántida, Uruguay
  UNESCO Reference no. 1612
  A striking modernist church built using innovative brickwork techniques.

Natural Sites

• Ivindo National Park, Gabon
  UNESCO Reference no. 1653
  A pristine rainforest ecosystem home to diverse wildlife.
• Colchic Rainforests and Wetlands, Georgia
  UNESCO Reference no. 1616
  One of Europe’s oldest rainforests, rich in endemic species.
• Amami-Ōshima Island, Tokunoshima Island, Northern part of Okinawa Island, and Iriomote Island, Japan
  UNESCO Reference no. 1574
  A biodiversity hotspot with unique subtropical flora and fauna.
• Getbol, Korean Tidal Flats, South Korea
  UNESCO Reference no. 1591
  A key habitat for migratory birds along the East Asian-Australasian Flyway.
• Kaeng Krachan Forest Complex, Thailand
  UNESCO Reference no. 1461
  The largest national park in Thailand, home to endangered species.

The 44th session of UNESCO World Heritage Committee highlighted an impressive range of historical, architectural, and ecological treasures, furthering global conservation efforts and enhancing appreciation for human and natural heritage.

2019 (43rd session)

The 43rd session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, held in Azerbaijan in 2019, saw the inscription of 29 new sites, including 24 cultural, 4 natural, and 1 mixed property. The newly recognized sites span ancient archaeological sites, innovative architectural landmarks, and ecologically significant regions.

Cultural Sites

• Budj Bim Cultural Landscape, Australia
  UNESCO Reference no. 1577
  A millennia-old aquaculture system created by the Gunditjmara people, showcasing sophisticated Indigenous engineering.
• Historic Centre of Sheki with the Khan’s Palace, Azerbaijan
  UNESCO Reference no. 1549
  A well-preserved Silk Road city with a distinctive wooden palace featuring intricate stained glasswork.
• Dilmun Burial Mounds, Bahrain
  UNESCO Reference no. 1542
  An extensive necropolis of over 21,000 burial mounds linked to the ancient Dilmun civilization.
• Ancient Ferrous Metallurgy Sites of Burkina Faso, Burkina Faso
  UNESCO Reference no. 1602
  A series of iron-smelting sites illustrating Africa’s ancient and ongoing metal production traditions.
• Writing-on-Stone / Áísínai’pi, Canada
  UNESCO Reference no. 1597
  A sacred Indigenous site with petroglyphs and pictographs depicting Blackfoot cultural traditions.
• Archaeological Ruins of Liangzhu City, China
  UNESCO Reference no. 1592
  A prehistoric walled city representing the advanced water management and social structure of the Liangzhu culture.
• Landscape for Breeding and Training of Ceremonial Carriage Horses at Kladruby nad Labem, Czech Republic
  UNESCO Reference no. 1589
  A unique cultural landscape dedicated to the selective breeding of ceremonial horses for over 400 years.
• Erzgebirge / Krušnohoří Mining Region, Czech Republic / Germany
  UNESCO Reference no. 1478
  A mining landscape that contributed significantly to European technological advances over centuries.
• Water Management System of Augsburg, Germany
  UNESCO Reference no. 1580
  A pioneering hydraulic system that has provided sustainable water supply and engineering innovations since the Middle Ages.
• Jaipur City, Rajasthan, India
  UNESCO Reference no. 1605
  A planned 18th-century city that integrates Hindu, Mughal, and Western urban planning principles.
• Ombilin Mining Heritage of Sawahlunto, Indonesia
  UNESCO Reference no. 1610
  A historic coal mining site built by Dutch colonizers, reflecting industrial and labor history.
• Babylon, Iraq
  UNESCO Reference no. 278
  One of the most renowned ancient cities, home to legendary structures such as the Hanging Gardens.
• Le Colline del Prosecco di Conegliano e Valdobbiadene, Italy
  UNESCO Reference no. 1571
  A picturesque landscape shaped by centuries of viticulture, producing world-famous Prosecco.
• Mozu-Furuichi Kofun Group: Mounded Tombs of Ancient Japan, Japan
  UNESCO Reference no. 1593
  An enormous collection of keyhole-shaped burial mounds built for Japan’s ruling elite.
• Megalithic Jar Sites in Xiengkhuang – Plain of Jars, Laos
  UNESCO Reference no. 1587
  A vast archaeological landscape featuring thousands of mysterious ancient stone jars.
• Bagan, Myanmar
  UNESCO Reference no. 1588
  A sprawling archaeological zone with thousands of Buddhist temples and pagodas.
• Krzemionki Prehistoric Striped Flint Mining Region, Poland
  UNESCO Reference no. 1599
  A Neolithic flint mining site used for tool-making for over two thousand years.
• Royal Building of Mafra – Palace, Basilica, Convent, Cerco Garden and Hunting Park (Tapada), Portugal
  UNESCO Reference no. 1573
  A monumental Baroque complex built under King João V of Portugal.
• Sanctuary of Bom Jesus do Monte in Braga, Portugal
  UNESCO Reference no. 1590
  A pilgrimage site with an elaborate stairway symbolizing ascent and purification.
• Churches of the Pskov School of Architecture, Russia
  UNESCO Reference no. 1523
  A collection of medieval churches known for their distinctive architectural style.
• Seowon, Korean Neo-Confucian Academies, South Korea
  UNESCO Reference no. 1498
  A group of educational institutions reflecting Confucian philosophy and scholarship.
• Risco Caído and the Sacred Mountains of Gran Canaria Cultural Landscape, Spain
  UNESCO Reference no. 1578
  A cave sanctuary used by the pre-Hispanic inhabitants of the Canary Islands.
• Jodrell Bank Observatory, United Kingdom
  UNESCO Reference no. 1594
  A pioneering radio astronomy site that played a crucial role in space exploration.
• The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright, United States
  UNESCO Reference no. 1496
  A collection of iconic buildings representing Wright’s innovative architectural vision.

Natural Sites

• Hyrcanian Forests, Azerbaijan / Iran
  UNESCO Reference no. 1584
  An ancient temperate forest dating back 25-50 million years, home to diverse flora and fauna.
• Migratory Bird Sanctuaries along the Coast of Yellow Sea–Bohai Gulf of China (Phase II), China
  UNESCO Reference no. 1606
  A critical stopover habitat for millions of migratory birds on the East Asian-Australasian Flyway.
• French Austral Lands and Seas, France (French Southern and Antarctic Lands)
  UNESCO Reference no. 1603
  A vast marine ecosystem supporting one of the world’s highest concentrations of seabirds and marine mammals.
• Vatnajökull National Park – Dynamic Nature of Fire and Ice, Iceland
  UNESCO Reference no. 1604
  A massive glacial and volcanic landscape with diverse geological formations.

Mixed Site

• Paraty and Ilha Grande – Culture and Biodiversity, Brazil
  UNESCO Reference no. 1308
  A historic colonial town surrounded by rich biodiversity, blending cultural and natural heritage.

The 2019 UNESCO inscriptions reflect a remarkable diversity of archaeological treasures, ancient landscapes, and natural wonders, emphasizing the importance of preservation across different regions and cultures worldwide.

2018 (42nd session)

The 42nd session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, held in Bahrain in 2018, inscribed 19 new sites, including 13 cultural, 3 natural, and 3 mixed properties. This year’s additions highlight significant archaeological sites, unique cultural landscapes, and important natural reserves across the world.

Cultural Sites

• Aasivissuit – Nipisat. Inuit Hunting Ground between Ice and Sea, Denmark (Greenland)
  UNESCO Reference no. 1557
  A vast Arctic landscape showcasing the seasonal hunting traditions of the Inuit people.
• Archaeological Border complex of Hedeby and the Danevirke, Germany
  UNESCO Reference no. 1553
  A medieval trade center and fortification system representing the Viking era’s economic and cultural influence.
• Naumburg Cathedral, Germany
  UNESCO Reference no. 1470
  A masterpiece of late Romanesque and early Gothic architecture, famous for its expressive sculptures.
• Victorian Gothic and Art Deco Ensembles of Mumbai, India
  UNESCO Reference no. 1480
  A unique architectural blend representing the transition from colonial to modern urban design.
• Sassanid Archaeological Landscape of Fars Region, Iran
  UNESCO Reference no. 1568
  A collection of fortifications, palaces, and urban structures from the Sassanid Empire.
• Ivrea, Industrial City of the 20th Century, Italy
  UNESCO Reference no. 1538
  An early example of industrial architecture and urban planning, showcasing the vision of the Olivetti company.
• Hidden Christian Sites in the Nagasaki Region, Japan
  UNESCO Reference no. 1495
  A group of villages and churches that reflect the secret practice of Christianity under persecution in Japan.
• Thimlich Ohinga Archaeological Site, Kenya
  UNESCO Reference no. 1450
  A dry-stone walled settlement that offers insight into the early agricultural and defensive practices of East African communities.
• Ancient City of Qalhat, Oman
  UNESCO Reference no. 1537
  A historic port city that played a vital role in Indian Ocean trade networks.
• Al-Ahsa Oasis, an Evolving Cultural Landscape, Saudi Arabia
  UNESCO Reference no. 1563
  One of the world’s largest natural oases, featuring archaeological sites, historic villages, and extensive irrigation systems.
• Sansa, Buddhist Mountain Monasteries in Korea, South Korea
  UNESCO Reference no. 1562
  A group of monastic complexes that have preserved Korean Buddhist traditions for over a thousand years.
• Caliphate City of Medina Azahara, Spain
  UNESCO Reference no. 1560
  The ruins of a 10th-century palace-city that served as the political and cultural center of Al-Andalus.
• Göbekli Tepe, Turkey
  UNESCO Reference no. 1572
  An extraordinary prehistoric site featuring massive stone pillars, considered one of the world’s earliest known religious structures.

Natural Sites

• Fanjingshan, China
  UNESCO Reference no. 1559
  A biodiversity hotspot home to endemic and endangered species, including the Guizhou golden monkey.
• Chaîne des Puys – Limagne fault tectonic arena, France
  UNESCO Reference no. 1434
  A geological formation illustrating continental break-up processes and volcanic activity.
• Barberton Makhonjwa Mountains, South Africa
  UNESCO Reference no. 1575
  One of the world’s oldest geological formations, providing insight into Earth’s early history.

Mixed Sites

• Pimachiowin Aki, Canada
  UNESCO Reference no. 1415
  A vast boreal forest landscape central to the cultural traditions of the Anishinaabe people.
• Chiribiquete National Park – ‘The Maloca of the Jaguar,’ Colombia
  UNESCO Reference no. 1174
  A remote and biodiverse rainforest region featuring ancient rock art depicting indigenous beliefs.
• Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley: originary habitat of Mesoamerica, Mexico
  UNESCO Reference no. 1534
  A desert ecosystem showcasing early agricultural practices and human adaptation to arid environments.

The 2018 UNESCO inscriptions recognize a wide range of archaeological treasures, sacred landscapes, and unique geological formations, reinforcing the global commitment to preserving humanity’s cultural and natural heritage.

2017 (41st session)

The 41st session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, held in Poland in 2017, inscribed 21 new sites, comprising 18 cultural and 3 natural properties. This year’s inscriptions celebrate diverse cultural traditions, historic urban settlements, and exceptional natural landscapes across the world.

Cultural Sites

• Mbanza Kongo, Vestiges of the Capital of the former Kingdom of Kongo, Angola (F)
  UNESCO Reference no. 1511
  The remains of a powerful Central African kingdom, showcasing its historical, political, and religious significance.
• Valongo Wharf Archaeological Site, Brazil
  UNESCO Reference no. 1548
  The largest known arrival point of enslaved Africans in the Americas, preserving the painful history of the transatlantic slave trade.
• Temple Zone of Sambor Prei Kuk, Archaeological Site of Ancient Ishanapura, Cambodia
  UNESCO Reference no. 1532
  An early Khmer capital with distinctive pre-Angkorian temple architecture set within a forested landscape.
• Kulangsu: a Historic International Settlement, China
  UNESCO Reference no. 1541
  A small island blending architectural influences from around the world, reflecting the fusion of Eastern and Western cultures.
• Venetian Works of Defence between the 16th and 17th centuries: Stato da Terra – western Stato da Mar, Croatia, Italy, Montenegro
  UNESCO Reference no. 1533
  A series of Venetian fortifications demonstrating advanced military architecture of the Renaissance era.
• Kujataa Greenland: Norse and Inuit Farming at the Edge of the Ice Cap, Denmark (Greenland)
  UNESCO Reference no. 1536
  A cultural landscape illustrating the adaptation of Norse and Inuit communities to the Arctic environment.
• Asmara: a Modernist African City, Eritrea (F)
  UNESCO Reference no. 1550
  A remarkably preserved modernist city showcasing early 20th-century Italian Rationalist architecture.
• Taputapuātea, French Polynesia (France) (F)
  UNESCO Reference no. 1529
  A sacred Polynesian site, central to the spiritual and cultural traditions of Pacific island societies.
• Caves and Ice Age Art in the Swabian Jura, Germany
  UNESCO Reference no. 1527
  A collection of caves containing some of the world’s oldest known figurative artworks from the Upper Paleolithic period.
• Historic City of Ahmadabad, India
  UNESCO Reference no. 1551
  A walled city reflecting Indo-Islamic architectural traditions and an important center of trade and culture.
• Historic City of Yazd, Iran
  UNESCO Reference no. 1544
  An ancient desert city renowned for its earthen architecture and sophisticated water management system.
• Sacred Island of Okinoshima and Associated Sites in the Munakata Region, Japan
  UNESCO Reference no. 1535
  A ritual site where ancient religious ceremonies were conducted, reflecting Japan’s spiritual traditions.
• Hebron / Al-Khalil Old Town, Palestine
  UNESCO Reference no. 1565
  A historic city with deep religious and cultural significance, featuring architectural elements from different periods.
• Tarnowskie Góry Lead-Silver-Zinc Mine and its Underground Water Management System, Poland
  UNESCO Reference no. 1539
  An extensive mining and water management network that played a key role in Europe’s industrial history.
• Assumption Cathedral and Monastery of the town-island of Sviyazhsk, Russia
  UNESCO Reference no. 1525
  A religious and administrative center, showcasing Russian Orthodox architectural traditions.
• ǂKhomani Cultural Landscape, South Africa
  UNESCO Reference no. 1545
  A vast desert region linked to the cultural traditions of the ǂKhomani San people.
• Aphrodisias, Turkey
  UNESCO Reference no. 1519
  A Greco-Roman city dedicated to Aphrodite, known for its well-preserved monuments and sculptures.
• Lake District National Park, United Kingdom
  UNESCO Reference no. 422
  A cultural landscape celebrated for its literary, artistic, and conservationist heritage.

Natural Sites

• Los Alerces National Park, Argentina
  UNESCO Reference no. 1526
  A pristine Andean-Patagonian forest with centuries-old Alerce trees and rich biodiversity.
• Qinghai Hoh Xil, China
  UNESCO Reference no. 1540
  A high-altitude plateau home to rare wildlife, including the Tibetan antelope.
• Landscapes of Dauria, Mongolia, Russia
  UNESCO Reference no. 1448
  A vast steppe ecosystem supporting migratory bird species and endangered mammals.

The 2017 UNESCO inscriptions highlight a diverse array of cultural landscapes, religious sites, and natural wonders, emphasizing the shared heritage of humanity and the need for ongoing preservation efforts.

2016 (40th session)

The 40th session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, held in Turkey in 2016, inscribed 21 new sites, including 12 cultural, 6 natural, and 3 mixed properties. This year’s designations highlight a rich array of archaeological, industrial, and natural landscapes spanning from ancient cities to pioneering modern architecture.

Cultural Sites

• Antigua Naval Dockyard and Related Archaeological Sites, Antigua and Barbuda (F)
  UNESCO Reference no. 1499
  A well-preserved British colonial naval base, showcasing the strategic maritime history of the Caribbean.
• The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier, an Outstanding Contribution to the Modern Movement (Belgium, France, Germany, India, Japan, Switzerland)
  UNESCO Reference no. 1321
  A series of architectural works demonstrating Le Corbusier’s revolutionary approach to modern urban design.
• Stećci Medieval Tombstone Graveyards (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, Serbia)
  UNESCO Reference no. 1504
  Unique medieval tombstones featuring elaborate carvings, reflecting regional cultural and religious influences.
• Pampulha Modern Ensemble, Brazil
  UNESCO Reference no. 1493
  A landmark of Brazilian modernist architecture designed by Oscar Niemeyer in the 1940s.
• Zuojiang Huashan Rock Art Cultural Landscape, China
  UNESCO Reference no. 1508
  An extensive collection of ancient rock art depicting rituals of the Luoyue people.
• Archaeological Site of Philippi, Greece
  UNESCO Reference no. 1517
  A significant ancient city founded by Philip II of Macedon, later a key early Christian center.
• Archaeological Site of Nalanda Mahavihara at Nalanda, Bihar, India
  UNESCO Reference no. 1502
  The remains of one of the world’s oldest Buddhist monastic universities, a hub of knowledge in ancient India.
• The Persian Qanat, Iran
  UNESCO Reference no. 1506
  A sophisticated underground water management system crucial to arid Persian landscapes.
• Nan Madol: Ceremonial Centre of Eastern Micronesia, Micronesia (F)
  UNESCO Reference no. 1503
  A complex of man-made islets featuring impressive basalt stone structures, often called the “Venice of the Pacific.”
• Antequera Dolmens Site, Spain
  UNESCO Reference no. 1501
  A remarkable megalithic burial site dating back to the Neolithic and Bronze Ages.
• Archaeological Site of Ani, Turkey
  UNESCO Reference no. 1518
  The ruins of a medieval Armenian capital known as the “City of 1,001 Churches.”
• Gorham’s Cave Complex, Gibraltar (United Kingdom) (F)
  UNESCO Reference no. 1500
  An important site for understanding Neanderthal habitation and their interaction with the environment.

Natural Sites

• Mistaken Point, Canada
  UNESCO Reference no. 1497
  A fossil site preserving the oldest known complex life forms on Earth.
• Hubei Shennongjia, China
  UNESCO Reference no. 1509
  A diverse mountainous region home to rare species like the golden snub-nosed monkey.
• Lut Desert, Iran
  UNESCO Reference no. 1505
  One of the hottest places on Earth, featuring spectacular desert landscapes and unique geological formations.
• Western Tien-Shan (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan)
  UNESCO Reference no. 1490
  A transnational mountain range rich in biodiversity and endemic species.
• Archipiélago de Revillagigedo, Mexico
  UNESCO Reference no. 1510
  A remote marine reserve known for its exceptional marine biodiversity, including manta rays and whales.
• Sanganeb Marine National Park and Dungonab Bay – Mukkawar Island Marine National Park, Sudan
  UNESCO Reference no. 262
  A vital marine ecosystem in the Red Sea, home to coral reefs, dugongs, and marine turtles.

Mixed Sites

• Ennedi Massif: Natural and Cultural Landscape, Chad
  UNESCO Reference no. 1475
  A stunning desert plateau featuring dramatic rock formations and prehistoric rock art.
• Khangchendzonga National Park, India
  UNESCO Reference no. 1513
  A sacred Himalayan landscape combining ecological significance with cultural and spiritual traditions.
• The Ahwar of Southern Iraq: Refuge of Biodiversity and the Relict Landscape of the Mesopotamian Cities, Iraq
  UNESCO Reference no. 1481
  A unique mix of wetland biodiversity and the ruins of ancient Sumerian cities, including Ur and Eridu.

The 2016 UNESCO inscriptions highlight the interplay between cultural heritage and natural wonders, from ancient archaeological treasures to pristine ecosystems, reinforcing the importance of conservation efforts across different regions of the world.

2015 (39th session)

The 39th session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, held in Germany in 2015, inscribed 24 new sites, including 23 cultural and 1 mixed property. This year’s additions highlight a wide range of heritage, from ancient civilizations and religious landmarks to industrial and natural landscapes.

Cultural Sites

• Tusi Sites, China
  UNESCO Reference no. 1474
  Remnants of a unique system of tribal governance in southwestern China, blending indigenous and imperial Chinese traditions.
• Moravian Church Settlements (Denmark, Germany, United Kingdom, United States)
  UNESCO Reference no. 1468
  Historic settlements showcasing the Moravian community’s distinctive religious and social values.
• The par force hunting landscape in North Zealand, Denmark
  UNESCO Reference no. 1469
  A meticulously designed 17th-century hunting landscape that reflects absolute monarchy in Denmark.
• The Climats, terroirs of Burgundy, France
  UNESCO Reference no. 1425
  A historic vineyard landscape where centuries-old traditions shaped the production of Burgundy wines.
• Champagne Hillsides, Houses and Cellars, France
  UNESCO Reference no. 1465
  The birthplace of champagne production, demonstrating a deep connection between geography, heritage, and winemaking.
• Speicherstadt and Kontorhaus District with Chilehaus, Germany
  UNESCO Reference no. 1467
  A historic warehouse district and commercial hub in Hamburg, representing early 20th-century urban development.
• Cultural Landscape of Maymand, Iran
  UNESCO Reference no. 1423
  A semi-nomadic cultural landscape featuring hand-dug cave dwellings that have been in continuous use for millennia.
• Susa, Iran
  UNESCO Reference no. 1455
  One of the world’s oldest cities, an important center of the Elamite, Persian, and Parthian empires.
• Necropolis of Bet She’arim: A Landmark of Jewish Renewal, Israel
  UNESCO Reference no. 1471
  A significant Jewish burial site from the Roman period, showcasing ancient inscriptions and tombs.
• Arab-Norman Palermo and the Cathedral Churches of Cefalù and Monreale, Italy
  UNESCO Reference no. 1487
  A unique blend of Norman, Arab, and Byzantine architecture in Sicily.
• Sites of Japan’s Meiji Industrial Revolution: Iron and Steel, Shipbuilding and Coal Mining, Japan
  UNESCO Reference no. 1484
  Industrial sites that played a crucial role in Japan’s rapid modernization in the late 19th century.
• Baptism Site ‘Bethany Beyond the Jordan’ (Al-Maghtas), Jordan
  UNESCO Reference no. 1446
  Believed to be the baptism site of Jesus Christ, an important Christian pilgrimage destination.
• Aqueduct of Padre Tembleque Hydraulic System, Mexico
  UNESCO Reference no. 1463
  A remarkable 16th-century hydraulic system built using Mesoamerican and European engineering techniques.
• Great Burkhan Khaldun Mountain and its surrounding sacred landscape, Mongolia
  UNESCO Reference no. 1440
  A sacred site linked to Genghis Khan and Mongolian shamanistic traditions.
• Rjukan–Notodden Industrial Heritage Site, Norway
  UNESCO Reference no. 1486
  A key location for early hydroelectric power and fertilizer production, shaping industrialization in the 20th century.
• Rock Art in the Hail Region of Saudi Arabia
  UNESCO Reference no. 1472
  Thousands of ancient petroglyphs depicting early human life in the Arabian Peninsula.
• Singapore Botanic Gardens (F), Singapore
  UNESCO Reference no. 1483
  A historic tropical garden contributing to botanical research and conservation.
• Baekje Historic Areas, South Korea
  UNESCO Reference no. 1477
  Archaeological remains of the Baekje Kingdom, illustrating its influence in early East Asia.
• Diyarbakır Fortress and Hevsel Gardens Cultural Landscape, Turkey
  UNESCO Reference no. 1488
  A fortified city with 5,000 years of history, serving as a cultural and trade hub.
• Ephesus, Turkey
  UNESCO Reference no. 1018
  The ruins of a major Greco-Roman city, home to the Temple of Artemis, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.
• The Forth Bridge, United Kingdom
  UNESCO Reference no. 1485
  A pioneering railway bridge and a marvel of 19th-century engineering.
• San Antonio Missions, United States
  UNESCO Reference no. 1466
  A collection of Spanish colonial missions that played a vital role in Texas’s cultural and religious history.
• Fray Bentos Industrial Landscape, Uruguay
  UNESCO Reference no. 1464
  A significant meat-processing complex that fueled global trade and industry.

Mixed Site

• Blue and John Crow Mountains, Jamaica (F)
  UNESCO Reference no. 1356
  A culturally and ecologically significant mountain range that served as a refuge for Maroons and preserves rich biodiversity.

The 2015 UNESCO inscriptions celebrate diverse contributions to human civilization, from ancient cities and religious sites to pioneering industrial landscapes. These sites enrich our understanding of history, technology, and cultural exchange across the globe.

2014 (38th session)

The 38th session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, held in Qatar in 2014, inscribed 26 new sites, comprising 22 cultural, 3 natural, and 1 mixed property. This year’s designations highlight ancient civilizations, unique landscapes, and significant cultural heritage across multiple continents.

Cultural Sites

• Qhapaq Ñan, Andean Road System (Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru)
  UNESCO Reference no. 1459
  A vast network of Inca roads spanning six countries, demonstrating advanced engineering in mountainous terrain.
• The Grand Canal, China
  UNESCO Reference no. 1443
  The world’s longest and oldest artificial waterway, essential to China’s cultural and economic history.
• Silk Roads: the Routes Network of Chang’an-Tianshan Corridor (China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan)
  UNESCO Reference no. 1442
  An extensive trade network that facilitated cultural exchange between Asia and Europe for over a millennium.
• Precolumbian Chiefdom Settlements with Stone Spheres of the Diquís, Costa Rica
  UNESCO Reference no. 1453
  Mysterious pre-Columbian stone spheres and settlements that reveal complex social and political structures.
• Decorated Cave of Pont d’Arc, known as Grotte Chauvet-Pont d’Arc, Ardèche, France
  UNESCO Reference no. 1426
  One of the earliest known sites of prehistoric cave paintings, dating back over 30,000 years.
• Carolingian Westwork and Civitas Corvey, Germany
  UNESCO Reference no. 1447
  A rare example of Carolingian architecture, illustrating the fusion of religious and secular power in medieval Europe.
• Rani-ki-Vav (the Queen’s Stepwell) at Patan, Gujarat, India
  UNESCO Reference no. 922
  A richly sculpted stepwell that showcases advanced water management and artistic craftsmanship of the 11th century.
• Shahr-I Sokhta, Iran
  UNESCO Reference no. 1456
  The ruins of a sophisticated Bronze Age civilization in southeastern Iran.
• Erbil Citadel, Iraq
  UNESCO Reference no. 1437
  An ancient fortress continuously inhabited for over 6,000 years, symbolizing the region’s deep history.
• Caves of Maresha and Bet-Guvrin in the Judean Lowlands as a Microcosm of the Land of the Caves, Israel
  UNESCO Reference no. 1370
  A network of caves used for habitation, burial, and industry from the Hellenistic to Islamic periods.
• Vineyard Landscape of Piedmont: Langhe-Roero and Monferrato, Italy
  UNESCO Reference no. 1390
  A cultural landscape shaped by centuries of viticulture in northern Italy.
• Tomioka Silk Mill and Related Sites, Japan
  UNESCO Reference no. 1449
  A pioneering silk production site that played a key role in Japan’s modernization.
• Pyu Ancient Cities, Myanmar (F)
  UNESCO Reference no. 1444
  The remnants of early Buddhist city-states that influenced Southeast Asian culture.
• Van Nellefabriek, Netherlands
  UNESCO Reference no. 1441
  A landmark of modern industrial architecture in Rotterdam.
• Palestine: Land of Olives and Vines – Cultural Landscape of Southern Jerusalem, Battir, Palestine
  UNESCO Reference no. 1492
  An ancient agricultural landscape demonstrating sustainable land use over thousands of years.
• Bolghar Historical and Archaeological Complex, Russia
  UNESCO Reference no. 981
  A medieval trading center that reflects Volga Bulgaria’s diverse cultural influences.
• Historic Jeddah, the Gate to Makkah, Saudi Arabia
  UNESCO Reference no. 1361
  A historic Red Sea port that played a central role in Islamic pilgrimage routes.
• Namhansanseong, South Korea
  UNESCO Reference no. 1439
  A 17th-century mountain fortress representing Korea’s defense strategies and Confucian governance.
• Bursa and Cumalıkızık: the Birth of the Ottoman Empire, Turkey
  UNESCO Reference no. 1452
  Early Ottoman settlements that showcase the empire’s foundation and architectural evolution.
• Pergamon and its Multi-Layered Cultural Landscape, Turkey
  UNESCO Reference no. 1457
  An archaeological site revealing Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine, and Ottoman heritage.
• Monumental Earthworks of Poverty Point, United States
  UNESCO Reference no. 1435
  A massive complex of mounds and ridges built by an ancient civilization in North America.

Natural Sites

• Okavango Delta, Botswana
  UNESCO Reference no. 1432
  A unique inland delta that supports rich biodiversity, including endangered species.
• Stevns Klint, Denmark
  UNESCO Reference no. 1416
  A geological site containing crucial evidence of the asteroid impact that led to the mass extinction of dinosaurs.
• Great Himalayan National Park Conservation Area, India
  UNESCO Reference no. 1406
  A biodiversity hotspot in the western Himalayas, home to rare flora and fauna.
• Mount Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary, Philippines
  UNESCO Reference no. 1403
  A protected area with unique pygmy forests and high levels of endemic species.

Mixed Site

• Trang An Landscape Complex, Vietnam
  UNESCO Reference no. 1438
  A stunning karst landscape with cultural and archaeological significance, including ancient human settlements.

The 2014 UNESCO inscriptions reflect humanity’s rich cultural traditions and the importance of preserving natural wonders. From ancient trade routes to cutting-edge industrial architecture, these sites contribute to our shared global heritage.

2013 (37th session)

The 37th session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, held in Cambodia in 2013, inscribed 19 new sites, including 14 cultural and 5 natural properties. These additions highlight significant historical, architectural, and natural landmarks worldwide.

Cultural Sites

• Red Bay Basque Whaling Station, Canada
  UNESCO Reference no. 1412
  A testament to 16th-century Basque whaling history, Red Bay features archaeological remains of shore stations and sunken whaling vessels.
• Cultural Landscape of Honghe Hani Rice Terraces, China
  UNESCO Reference no. 1111
  These terraces, cultivated for over 1,300 years, reflect the ingenuity of the Hani people in sustainable farming and water management.
• Levuka Historical Port Town, Fiji (F)
  UNESCO Reference no. 1399
  The first colonial capital of Fiji, Levuka embodies the 19th-century interaction between European settlers and indigenous Fijians.
• Bergpark Wilhelmshöhe, Germany
  UNESCO Reference no. 1413
  This Baroque park is famous for its monumental water features, artificial ruins, and grand palace, representing human interaction with nature.
• Hill Forts of Rajasthan, India
  UNESCO Reference no. 247
  A group of six forts that showcase Rajput military architecture and strategic hilltop locations.
• Golestan Palace, Iran
  UNESCO Reference no. 1422
  A masterpiece of the Qajar era, this palace complex features stunning Persian and European architectural influences.
• Medici Villas and Gardens in Tuscany, Italy
  UNESCO Reference no. 175
  These Renaissance estates and gardens exemplify the relationship between human creativity and natural landscapes.
• Fujisan, sacred place and source of artistic inspiration, Japan
  UNESCO Reference no. 1418
  Mount Fuji has been a spiritual and artistic symbol in Japanese culture for centuries.
• Historic Centre of Agadez, Niger
  UNESCO Reference no. 1268
  Known as the “gateway to the desert,” Agadez features distinctive mudbrick architecture and a historic caravan trading center.
• Historic Monuments and Sites in Kaesong, North Korea
  UNESCO Reference no. 1278
  A collection of Confucian academies, palaces, and tombs from the Koryo Dynasty, reflecting early Korean statehood.
• Wooden Tserkvas of the Carpathian Region in Poland and Ukraine
  UNESCO Reference no. 1424
  A series of wooden Orthodox churches representing a unique architectural and spiritual tradition.
• University of Coimbra – Alta and Sofia, Portugal
  UNESCO Reference no. 1387
  One of the oldest universities in Europe, Coimbra embodies Portugal’s academic and architectural heritage.
• Al Zubarah Archaeological Site, Qatar (F)
  UNESCO Reference no. 1402
  A well-preserved 18th-19th century trading and pearl-diving town, abandoned in the early 20th century.
• Ancient City of Tauric Chersonese and its Chora, Ukraine
  UNESCO Reference no. 1411
  A former Greek colony that became a key cultural and economic hub in the Black Sea region.

Natural Sites

• Xinjiang Tianshan, China
  UNESCO Reference no. 1414
  A vast mountain range featuring unique biodiversity, glacial landscapes, and forested valleys.
• Mount Etna, Italy
  UNESCO Reference no. 1427
  Europe’s most active volcano, Mount Etna has influenced science, mythology, and local culture for centuries.
• El Pinacate and Gran Desierto de Altar Biosphere Reserve, Mexico
  UNESCO Reference no. 1410
  A desert landscape of volcanic craters, sand dunes, and diverse endemic species.
• Namib Sand Sea, Namibia
  UNESCO Reference no. 1430
  The world’s only coastal desert with extensive fog-based ecosystems, home to unique flora and fauna.
• Tajik National Park (Mountains of the Pamirs), Tajikistan
  UNESCO Reference no. 1252
  A high-altitude mountain range with glaciers, deep valleys, and diverse wildlife.

The 2013 inscriptions showcase an impressive range of cultural achievements and natural wonders, reinforcing UNESCO’s mission to preserve and protect the world’s heritage.

2012 (36th session)

The 36th session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, held in Russia in 2012, inscribed 26 new sites, consisting of 20 cultural, 5 natural, and 1 mixed property. This year’s additions highlight ancient settlements, industrial heritage, unique cultural landscapes, and extraordinary natural formations. Among the notable sites are the Neolithic Site of Çatalhöyük in Turkey, the Western Ghats in India, and the Pearling, Testimony of an Island Economy in Bahrain.

Cultural Sites

• Pearling, Testimony of an Island Economy, Bahrain
  UNESCO Reference no. 1364
  A series of pearling sites, including oyster beds and merchant houses, reflecting the rich maritime heritage of Bahrain.
• Major Mining Sites of Wallonia, Belgium
  UNESCO Reference no. 1344
  A collection of four mining sites, showcasing the evolution of coal mining in Belgium from the early 19th century.
• Rio de Janeiro: Carioca Landscapes between the Mountain and the Sea, Brazil
  UNESCO Reference no. 1100
  A fusion of urban architecture and natural landscapes, including Sugarloaf Mountain and the Christ the Redeemer statue.
• Landscape of Grand Pré, Canada
  UNESCO Reference no. 1404
  A cultural landscape associated with Acadian settlement, demonstrating early agricultural practices.
• Site of Xanadu, China
  UNESCO Reference no. 1389
  The archaeological remains of Kublai Khan’s summer capital, blending Chinese, Mongolian, and Tibetan influences.
• Historic Town of Grand-Bassam, Côte d’Ivoire
  UNESCO Reference no. 1322
  A colonial trading town, exemplifying the mix of European and African urban planning traditions.
• Nord-Pas de Calais Mining Basin, France
  UNESCO Reference no. 1360
  A historic coal-mining region, illustrating industrial development and workers’ living conditions.
• Margravial Opera House Bayreuth, Germany
  UNESCO Reference no. 1379
  A well-preserved Baroque opera house, reflecting 18th-century court entertainment culture.
• Cultural Landscape of Bali Province: the Subak as a Manifestation of the Tri Hita Karana Philosophy, Indonesia
  UNESCO Reference no. 1194
  A Balinese water management system, symbolizing harmony between nature, humans, and spirituality.
• Gonbad-e Qābus, Iran
  UNESCO Reference no. 1398
  A 1,000-year-old tomb tower, showcasing Islamic geometric design and Persian engineering excellence.
• Masjed-e Jāmé of Isfahan, Iran
  UNESCO Reference no. 1397
  A grand mosque reflecting 12 centuries of architectural evolution, blending Persian and Islamic styles.
• Sites of Human Evolution at Mount Carmel: The Nahal Me’arot / Wadi el-Mughara Caves, Israel
  UNESCO Reference no. 1393
  Prehistoric caves containing evidence of Neanderthal and early Homo sapiens occupation.
• Archaeological Heritage of the Lenggong Valley, Malaysia
  UNESCO Reference no. 1396
  A prehistoric site containing tools and fossils, offering insight into early human migration in Southeast Asia.
• Rabat, Modern Capital and Historic City: a Shared Heritage, Morocco
  UNESCO Reference no. 1401
  A blend of Islamic and European influences, showcasing modern urban planning and historical monuments.
• Birthplace of Jesus: Church of the Nativity and the Pilgrimage Route, Bethlehem, Palestine (F)
  UNESCO Reference no. 1433
  The traditional site of Christ’s birth, an important pilgrimage destination for centuries.
• Garrison Border Town of Elvas and its Fortifications, Portugal
  UNESCO Reference no. 1367
  A 17th-century military town, featuring star-shaped fortifications and barracks.
• Bassari Country: Bassari, Fula and Bedik Cultural Landscapes, Senegal
  UNESCO Reference no. 1407
  A series of traditional villages, showcasing unique social and religious traditions.
• Heritage of Mercury. Almadén and Idrija, Spain
  UNESCO Reference no. 1313
  Two historic mercury mining towns, highlighting mining techniques from antiquity to modern times.
• Decorated Farmhouses of Hälsingland, Sweden
  UNESCO Reference no. 1282
  A collection of lavishly decorated wooden farmhouses, reflecting rural wealth and craftsmanship.
• Neolithic Site of Çatalhöyük, Turkey
  UNESCO Reference no. 1405
  One of the earliest urban settlements, providing insight into Neolithic communal living.

Natural Sites

• Sangha Trinational, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo (F)
  UNESCO Reference no. 1380
  A tropical forest with diverse wildlife, home to gorillas, elephants, and chimpanzees.
• Lakes of Ounianga, Chad (F)
  UNESCO Reference no. 1400
  A series of desert lakes, sustaining aquatic life in one of the driest places on Earth.
• Chengjiang Fossil Site, China
  UNESCO Reference no. 1388
  A Cambrian fossil site, preserving early marine life from over 500 million years ago.
• Western Ghats, India
  UNESCO Reference no. 1342
  A biodiversity hotspot, hosting numerous endemic species and lush rainforests.
• Lena Pillars Nature Park, Russia
  UNESCO Reference no. 1299
  Towering limestone rock formations, carved by natural erosion along the Lena River.

Mixed Site

• Rock Islands Southern Lagoon, Palau (F)
  UNESCO Reference no. 1386
  A marine ecosystem with coral reefs, blue lagoons, and archaeological remains, highlighting both natural and cultural heritage.

The 2012 UNESCO World Heritage inscriptions showcase human ingenuity, industrial progress, and stunning landscapes, reinforcing the importance of preserving both cultural and natural wonders.

2011 (35th session)

The 35th session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, held in France in 2011, inscribed 25 new sites, consisting of 21 cultural, 3 natural, and 1 mixed property. This year’s additions recognize diverse cultural landscapes, ancient architectural marvels, and unique natural environments. Highlights include the Cultural Landscape of the Serra de Tramuntana in Spain, the Kenya Lake System in the Great Rift Valley, and the Ancient Villages of Northern Syria, each showcasing outstanding universal value.

Cultural Sites

• Prehistoric Pile Dwellings around the Alps, Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Slovenia, Switzerland
  UNESCO Reference no. 1363
  A series of stilt house settlements from the Neolithic and Bronze Age, offering insight into prehistoric life around Alpine lakes.
• Historic Bridgetown and its Garrison, Barbados (F)
  UNESCO Reference no. 1376
  A well-preserved British colonial city, showcasing 17th to 19th-century urban planning in the Caribbean.
• West Lake Cultural Landscape of Hangzhou, China
  UNESCO Reference no. 1334
  A scenic lake surrounded by temples, pagodas, and gardens, deeply rooted in Chinese aesthetic traditions and poetry.
• Coffee Cultural Landscape of Colombia, Colombia
  UNESCO Reference no. 1121
  A mountainous region shaped by coffee cultivation, reflecting a unique adaptation to challenging landscapes.
• Konso Cultural Landscape, Ethiopia
  UNESCO Reference no. 1333
  A terraced agricultural system and fortified settlements, demonstrating millennia of sustainable land use.
• The Causses and the Cévennes, Mediterranean agro-pastoral Cultural Landscape, France
  UNESCO Reference no. 1153
  A pastoral landscape shaped by human activity, reflecting centuries of transhumance in southern France.
• Fagus Factory in Alfeld, Germany
  UNESCO Reference no. 1368
  A pioneering modernist industrial building, designed by Walter Gropius, a precursor to Bauhaus architecture.
• The Persian Garden, Iran
  UNESCO Reference no. 1372
  A series of Persian gardens designed with symbolic spiritual and aesthetic principles, influencing garden design worldwide.
• Longobards in Italy. Places of the Power (568–774 A.D.), Italy
  UNESCO Reference no. 1318
  A collection of seven Lombard-period sites, illustrating the cultural and architectural achievements of the Lombards.
• Hiraizumi – Temples, Gardens and Archaeological Sites Representing the Buddhist Pure Land, Japan
  UNESCO Reference no. 1277
  A Buddhist religious and cultural complex, embodying the concept of Pure Land Buddhism in architectural form.
• Fort Jesus, Mombasa, Kenya
  UNESCO Reference no. 1295
  A 16th-century Portuguese fortress, symbolizing coastal trade and cultural exchanges in the Indian Ocean.
• Petroglyphic Complexes of the Mongolian Altai, Mongolia
  UNESCO Reference no. 1382
  A collection of prehistoric rock carvings, depicting thousands of years of human interaction with the landscape.
• León Cathedral, Nicaragua
  UNESCO Reference no. 1236
  A monumental Baroque-style cathedral, notable for its fusion of Spanish and local artistic traditions.
• Saloum Delta, Senegal
  UNESCO Reference no. 1359
  A coastal landscape featuring shell mounds and fishing communities, illustrating human adaptation to a marine environment.
• Cultural Landscape of the Serra de Tramuntana, Spain
  UNESCO Reference no. 1371
  A mountainous landscape shaped by terraces, irrigation systems, and agricultural settlements.
• Archaeological Sites of the Island of Meroe, Sudan
  UNESCO Reference no. 1336
  The remnants of the Kingdom of Kush, featuring pyramids, temples, and industrial sites.
• Ancient Villages of Northern Syria, Syria
  UNESCO Reference no. 1348
  A collection of abandoned Roman and Byzantine-era villages, providing insight into rural life in Late Antiquity.
• Selimiye Mosque and its Social Complex, Turkey
  UNESCO Reference no. 1366
  A masterpiece of Ottoman architecture by Mimar Sinan, showcasing elegant domes and intricate calligraphy.
• Residence of Bukovinian and Dalmatian Metropolitans, Ukraine
  UNESCO Reference no. 1330
  A 19th-century architectural ensemble, combining Byzantine, Gothic, and Baroque influences.
• Cultural Sites of Al Ain (Hafit, Hili, Bidaa Bint Saud and Oases Areas), United Arab Emirates (F)
  UNESCO Reference no. 1343
  A collection of prehistoric settlements, tombs, and irrigation systems, tracing human occupation in the region for over 4,000 years.
• Citadel of the Ho Dynasty, Vietnam
  UNESCO Reference no. 1358
  A 14th-century fortress, built with massive limestone blocks, reflecting military architectural innovation in Southeast Asia.

Natural Sites

• Ningaloo Coast, Australia
  UNESCO Reference no. 1369
  A marine ecosystem with coral reefs, sea turtles, and whale sharks, featuring one of the longest fringing reefs in the world.
• Ogasawara Islands, Japan
  UNESCO Reference no. 1362
  A biodiversity hotspot, home to numerous endemic species, often called the “Galápagos of the East”.
• Kenya Lake System in the Great Rift Valley, Kenya
  UNESCO Reference no. 1060
  A trio of interlinked lakes, crucial for migratory bird populations, including the largest gatherings of flamingos in the world.

Mixed Site

• Wadi Rum Protected Area, Jordan
  UNESCO Reference no. 1377
  A desert landscape of canyons, rock formations, and petroglyphs, showcasing both stunning natural beauty and human history.

The 2011 UNESCO inscriptions recognize exceptional landscapes, historic cities, and unique cultural traditions, reinforcing the importance of safeguarding heritage across continents.

2010 (34th session)

The 34th session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, held in Brazil in 2010, inscribed 21 new sites, consisting of 15 cultural, 5 natural, and 1 mixed property. This year’s selections highlight remarkable urban planning, spiritual and cultural heritage, and stunning natural landscapes. Notable additions include the Seventeenth-Century Canal Ring Area of Amsterdam, showcasing Dutch urban engineering, and China Danxia, a striking example of geological formations shaped by erosion. The Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument in the United States was inscribed as a mixed site, recognizing its both cultural and ecological significance.

Cultural Sites

• Australian Convict Sites, Australia
  UNESCO Reference no. 1306
  Comprising 11 penal settlements, this site reflects the history of forced migration and punishment in Australia from 1788 to 1868.
• São Francisco Square in the Town of São Cristóvão, Brazil
  UNESCO Reference no. 1272
  A colonial-era square that represents the fusion of Spanish and Portuguese influences, surrounded by significant religious and civic buildings.
• Historic Monuments of Dengfeng in ‘The Centre of Heaven and Earth,’ China
  UNESCO Reference no. 1305
  A collection of ancient temples, pagodas, and academies reflecting China’s long history of astronomy, religion, and philosophy.
• Episcopal City of Albi, France
  UNESCO Reference no. 1337
  A medieval city known for its distinct red-brick architecture, fortified cathedral, and well-preserved urban ensemble.
• The Jantar Mantar, Jaipur, India
  UNESCO Reference no. 1338
  A collection of large astronomical instruments built in the 18th century, used to observe celestial movements with remarkable precision.
• Sheikh Safi al-Din Khānegāh and Shrine Ensemble in Ardabil, Iran
  UNESCO Reference no. 1345
  A spiritual complex combining Sufi traditions, Persian architecture, and decorative arts, dedicated to Sheikh Safi al-Din Ardabili.
• Tabriz Historic Bazaar Complex, Iran
  UNESCO Reference no. 1346
  One of the oldest and largest covered markets in the world, this bazaar has been a key commercial hub on the Silk Road for centuries.
• Bikini Atoll Nuclear Test Site, Marshall Islands
  UNESCO Reference no. 1339
  The site of 23 nuclear tests conducted by the United States between 1946 and 1958, now a symbol of the devastating impact of nuclear weapons.
• Camino Real de Tierra Adentro, Mexico
  UNESCO Reference no. 1351
  An extensive trade route spanning over 2,500 kilometers, linking Mexico City with Spanish territories in the north.
• Prehistoric Caves of Yagul and Mitla in the Central Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico
  UNESCO Reference no. 1352
  These caves and rock shelters contain some of the earliest known evidence of agriculture in Mesoamerica, dating back 10,000 years.
• Seventeenth-Century Canal Ring Area of Amsterdam inside the Singelgracht, Netherlands
  UNESCO Reference no. 1349
  A masterpiece of hydraulic engineering and urban planning, the Amsterdam canal network is an iconic feature of Dutch city design.
• At-Turaif District in ad-Dir’iyah, Saudi Arabia
  UNESCO Reference no. 1329
  The first capital of the Saudi dynasty, this mud-brick city was a major political and cultural center in the Arabian Peninsula.
• Historic Villages of Korea: Hahoe and Yangdong, South Korea
  UNESCO Reference no. 1324
  These traditional Korean villages represent Joseon-era Confucian culture, featuring wooden houses, pavilions, and natural landscapes.
• Proto-urban Site of Sarazm, Tajikistan
  UNESCO Reference no. 1141
  A prehistoric settlement dating back over 5,000 years, showcasing early urban development in Central Asia.
• Central Sector of the Imperial Citadel of Thang Long – Hanoi, Vietnam
  UNESCO Reference no. 1328
  A political and cultural center for over a millennium, featuring archaeological remains of palaces, temples, and fortifications.

Natural Sites

• China Danxia, China
  UNESCO Reference no. 1335
  A stunning landscape of red sandstone formations, shaped by erosion over millions of years, creating unique cliffs and rock pillars.
• Pitons, cirques and remparts of Reunion Island, France (Réunion)
  UNESCO Reference no. 1317
  A volcanic landscape of dramatic peaks, deep ravines, and rich biodiversity, featuring lush tropical forests.
• Phoenix Islands Protected Area, Kiribati
  UNESCO Reference no. 1325
  One of the largest marine protected areas in the world, covering 408,250 square kilometers, home to diverse coral reefs and marine life.
• Putorana Plateau, Russia
  UNESCO Reference no. 1234
  A remote subarctic wilderness with pristine lakes, waterfalls, and tundra landscapes, crucial for the migration of reindeer herds.
• Central Highlands of Sri Lanka, Sri Lanka
  UNESCO Reference no. 1203
  A biodiversity hotspot, home to rare and endemic species, including the Sri Lankan leopard and purple-faced langur.

Mixed Site

• Papahānaumokuākea, United States
  UNESCO Reference no. 1326
  A marine monument in the Hawaiian archipelago, significant for both its rich biodiversity and deep cultural connections to native Hawaiian traditions.

The 2010 inscriptions celebrate extraordinary achievements in architecture, spirituality, trade, and environmental conservation, reinforcing UNESCO’s commitment to preserving the world’s most significant cultural and natural heritage.

2009 (33rd session)

The 33rd session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, held in Spain in 2009, inscribed 13 new sites, including 11 cultural and 2 natural properties. This year’s selections reflect a diverse range of heritage, from ancient settlements and sacred mountains to remarkable feats of industrial and natural significance. Among the new inscriptions are Mount Wutai in China, an important Buddhist pilgrimage site, and La Chaux-de-Fonds / Le Locle in Switzerland, a center of watchmaking history. Natural additions include The Dolomites in Italy, a stunning mountain range, and the Wadden Sea, a vast coastal ecosystem shared by Denmark, Germany, and the Netherlands.

Cultural Sites

• Stoclet House, Belgium
  UNESCO Reference no. 1298
  An outstanding example of early 20th-century Art Nouveau architecture, the Stoclet House in Brussels was designed by Josef Hoffmann and remains a masterpiece of the Vienna Secession movement.
• Ruins of Loropéni, Burkina Faso
  UNESCO Reference no. 1225
  The Ruins of Loropéni are the best-preserved of a network of stone enclosures linked to the trans-Saharan gold trade, dating back over a thousand years.
• Cidade Velha, Historic Centre of Ribeira Grande, Cape Verde
  UNESCO Reference no. 1310
  The first European colonial settlement in the tropics, Cidade Velha was a key center of the Atlantic slave trade and retains fortifications, churches, and a unique urban layout.
• Mount Wutai, China
  UNESCO Reference no. 1279
  A sacred Buddhist site featuring temples, monasteries, and pagodas, Mount Wutai is one of China’s most important religious and cultural landscapes.
• Shushtar Historical Hydraulic System, Iran
  UNESCO Reference no. 1315
  Dating back to the 5th century BCE, this sophisticated water management system includes dams, canals, bridges, and mills, demonstrating remarkable engineering ingenuity from the Persian Empire.
• Sulaiman-Too Sacred Mountain, Kyrgyzstan
  UNESCO Reference no. 1230
  Revered for thousands of years, Sulaiman-Too is a spiritual, medical, and cultural landmark, featuring ancient petroglyphs, caves, and places of worship.
• Sacred City of Caral-Supe, Peru
  UNESCO Reference no. 1269
  One of the oldest cities in the Americas, Caral dates back 5,000 years and showcases complex urban planning and pyramid structures.
• Royal Tombs of the Joseon Dynasty, South Korea
  UNESCO Reference no. 1319
  The Joseon royal tombs, built between the 15th and 20th centuries, reflect Confucian traditions and harmonious integration with natural landscapes.
• Tower of Hercules, Spain
  UNESCO Reference no. 1312
  A Roman lighthouse that has been in continuous use for nearly 2,000 years, the Tower of Hercules stands as a symbol of maritime navigation.
• La Chaux-de-Fonds / Le Locle, Watchmaking Town Planning, Switzerland
  UNESCO Reference no. 1302
  These two towns were designed specifically for the watchmaking industry, showcasing a unique urban layout that blends industry and residential areas.
• Pontcysyllte Aqueduct and Canal, United Kingdom
  UNESCO Reference no. 1303
  An engineering marvel of the Industrial Revolution, this 19th-century aqueduct remains the longest and highest navigable aqueduct in Britain.

Natural Sites

• Wadden Sea, Denmark, Germany, Netherlands
  UNESCO Reference no. 1314
  One of the largest unbroken tidal flats in the world, the Wadden Sea is a crucial habitat for millions of migratory birds and diverse marine life.
• The Dolomites, Italy
  UNESCO Reference no. 1237
  Known for their dramatic rock formations and stunning alpine scenery, The Dolomites are a geological wonder and a paradise for climbers and nature lovers.

With these new additions, UNESCO continues to protect and recognize sites of immense cultural and natural value, ensuring their preservation for future generations. The 2009 inscriptions celebrate spiritual landmarks, architectural feats, and natural marvels, enriching the diversity of the World Heritage list.

2008 (32nd session)

The 2008 UNESCO World Heritage Committee session inscribed 27 new sites, reflecting a mix of ancient civilizations, unique ecosystems, and remarkable architectural feats. This year highlighted the Temple of Preah Vihear in Cambodia, the Rhaetian Railway crossing the Alps, and the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve in Mexico, a vital sanctuary for the species’ migration.

Cultural Sites

• Temple of Preah Vihear, Cambodia
  UNESCO Reference no. 1224
  A Khmer Hindu temple complex, built atop a clifftop, offering breathtaking views and intricate 9th–12th century carvings.
• Fujian Tulou, China
  UNESCO Reference no. 1113
  Massive, circular earthen dwellings designed for communal living and defense, showcasing Hakka culture and traditional Chinese architecture.
• Stari Grad Plain, Croatia
  UNESCO Reference no. 1240
  A well-preserved ancient Greek agricultural landscape, in continuous use for over 2,400 years.
• Historic Centre of Camagüey, Cuba
  UNESCO Reference no. 1270
  A unique labyrinthine city layout, designed to defend against pirate attacks, featuring baroque and neoclassical architecture.
• Fortifications of Vauban, France
  UNESCO Reference no. 1283
  A collection of 12 military forts and citadels, designed by Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban, showcasing 17th-century military engineering excellence.
• Berlin Modernism Housing Estates, Germany
  UNESCO Reference no. 1239
  A series of early 20th-century residential buildings, pioneering affordable social housing with innovative designs.
• Armenian Monastic Ensembles of Iran, Iran
  UNESCO Reference no. 1262
  Three medieval Armenian monasteries, demonstrating the influence of Armenian Christian architecture in the Persian world.
• Bahá’í Holy Places in Haifa and the Western Galilee, Israel
  UNESCO Reference no. 1220
  Sacred sites of the Bahá’í Faith, including the Shrine of Bahá’u’lláh and the golden-domed Shrine of the Báb.
• Mantua and Sabbioneta, Italy
  UNESCO Reference no. 1287
  Renaissance-era cities, exemplifying humanist urban planning and classical architecture.
• Rhaetian Railway in the Albula / Bernina Landscapes, Italy / Switzerland
  UNESCO Reference no. 1276
  A spectacular railway route through the Swiss Alps, demonstrating engineering mastery in mountainous terrain.
• Sacred Mijikenda Kaya Forests, Kenya
  UNESCO Reference no. 1231
  Sacred forested settlements of the Mijikenda people, preserving spiritual traditions and ecological diversity.
• Melaka and George Town, Historic Cities of the Straits of Malacca, Malaysia
  UNESCO Reference no. 1223
  Coastal trade cities reflecting a blend of Malay, Chinese, Indian, and European influences.
• Le Morne Cultural Landscape, Mauritius
  UNESCO Reference no. 1259
  A symbol of resistance and survival, where escaped slaves (Maroons) sought refuge in the island’s rugged mountains.
• Protective town of San Miguel and the Sanctuary of Jesús Nazareno de Atotonilco, Mexico
  UNESCO Reference no. 1274
  A colonial-era town and ornate religious sanctuary, known for its detailed frescoes and Baroque architecture.
• Kuk Early Agricultural Site, Papua New Guinea (F)
  UNESCO Reference no. 887
  A site with evidence of early farming, dating back 7,000–9,000 years, demonstrating one of the world’s earliest agricultural practices.
• San Marino Historic Centre and Mount Titano (F), San Marino
  UNESCO Reference no. 1245
  The oldest surviving republic in the world, featuring a medieval town and fortresses atop Mount Titano.
• Hegra Archaeological Site (al-Hijr / Madā ͐ in Ṣāliḥ) (F), Saudi Arabia
  UNESCO Reference no. 1293
  The first UNESCO site in Saudi Arabia, featuring Nabataean rock-cut tombs, similar to Petra in Jordan.
• Wooden Churches of the Slovak part of the Carpathian Mountain Area, Slovakia
  UNESCO Reference no. 1273
  A collection of unique wooden churches, built by Orthodox and Catholic communities in the 16th–18th centuries.
• Chief Roi Mata’s Domain (F), Vanuatu
  UNESCO Reference no. 1280
  A sacred cultural landscape, associated with the legendary Pacific chief Roi Mata, known for early social reforms and burial traditions.

Natural Sites

• Joggins Fossil Cliffs, Canada
  UNESCO Reference no. 1285
  A world-renowned fossil site, preserving 300-million-year-old evidence of early life on land.
• Mount Sanqingshan National Park, China
  UNESCO Reference no. 1292
  A dramatic mountain range with granite pillars, sacred to Taoist culture and home to rare biodiversity.
• Lagoons of New Caledonia: Reef Diversity and Associated Ecosystems (F), France (New Caledonia)
  UNESCO Reference no. 1115
  One of the largest reef systems in the world, with pristine coral ecosystems and endemic marine species.
• Surtsey, Iceland
  UNESCO Reference no. 1267
  A volcanic island that emerged from the ocean in 1963, offering a unique natural laboratory to study ecosystem development without human interference.
• Saryarka – Steppe and Lakes of Northern Kazakhstan, Kazakhstan
  UNESCO Reference no. 1102
  A vast grassland ecosystem, home to rare migratory birds and endangered saiga antelopes.
• Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve, Mexico
  UNESCO Reference no. 1290
  The wintering habitat of millions of Monarch butterflies, a key part of their migration cycle across North America.
• Swiss Tectonic Arena Sardona, Switzerland
  UNESCO Reference no. 1179
  A geologically significant site, where continental collision forces created exposed rock formations.
• Socotra Archipelago, Yemen
  UNESCO Reference no. 1263
  A remote island chain with striking biodiversity, including the alien-looking Dragon’s Blood Trees.

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Conclusion

The 2008 UNESCO World Heritage inscriptions featured a balance of cultural and natural sites, from the ancient temple of Preah Vihear to the Sanqingshan mountains and fossil-rich Joggins Cliffs. This year also recognized culturally significant landscapes, such as the Mijikenda Kaya Forests and the Le Morne Cultural Landscape, emphasizing the intersection of human heritage and nature.

2007 (31st session)

The 2007 UNESCO World Heritage Committee session saw the inscription of 22 new sites, covering a diverse range of cultural landmarks, ancient forests, and geological wonders. This year included the Sydney Opera House, one of the most recognizable architectural masterpieces of the modern era, and the South China Karst, a breathtaking natural landscape featuring towering limestone formations.

Cultural Sites

• Sydney Opera House, Australia
  UNESCO Reference no. 166
  A world-famous architectural icon, the Sydney Opera House represents a masterpiece of 20th-century engineering and design, created by Danish architect Jørn Utzon.
• Gobustan Rock Art Cultural Landscape, Azerbaijan
  UNESCO Reference no. 1076
  This site features over 6,000 petroglyphs, dating back to 40,000 BCE, providing insight into prehistoric life, hunting practices, and early human artistic expression.
• Mehmed Paša Sokolović Bridge in Višegrad, Bosnia and Herzegovina
  UNESCO Reference no. 1260
  A stunning 16th-century Ottoman bridge designed by the celebrated architect Mimar Sinan, spanning the Drina River with elegant stone arches.
• Rideau Canal, Canada
  UNESCO Reference no. 1221
  A 19th-century canal system, built for military defense but later transformed into a major waterway, now famous for being the world’s largest skating rink in winter.
• Kaiping Diaolou and Villages, China
  UNESCO Reference no. 1112
  A collection of multi-story defensive towers, blending Chinese and Western architectural influences, built in the early 20th century to protect against bandits.
• Bordeaux, Port of the Moon, France
  UNESCO Reference no. 1256
  A harbor city with a grand urban ensemble, showcasing 18th-century Neoclassical architecture, known for its global influence in the wine trade.
• Old Town of Corfu, Greece
  UNESCO Reference no. 978
  A strategically located Mediterranean town that reflects Venetian, French, and British influences, with its fortifications and urban planning dating back to the 8th century BCE.
• Red Fort Complex, India
  UNESCO Reference no. 231
  A 17th-century Mughal fortress in Delhi, constructed by Emperor Shah Jahan, known for its massive red sandstone walls and exquisite Persian-style gardens.
• Samarra Archaeological City, Iraq
  UNESCO Reference no. 276
  Once the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate, this city contains the Great Mosque of Samarra, with its iconic spiral minaret, reflecting early Islamic architecture.
• Iwami Ginzan Silver Mine and its Cultural Landscape, Japan
  UNESCO Reference no. 1246
  A historic silver mine that contributed to Japan’s economy between the 16th and 19th centuries, featuring preserved mining tunnels and settlements.
• Central University City Campus of the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico
  UNESCO Reference no. 1250
  A modernist architectural complex, integrating Mexican mural art, landscaping, and innovative urban planning, designed in the 1950s.
• Twyfelfontein or /Ui-//aes, Namibia (F)
  UNESCO Reference no. 1255
  A prehistoric rock art site in the Namib Desert, containing over 2,500 petroglyphs, among the largest concentrations of rock engravings in Africa.
• Gamzigrad-Romuliana, Palace of Galerius, Serbia
  UNESCO Reference no. 1253
  A late Roman imperial palace, constructed by Emperor Galerius in the 4th century, featuring fortified walls, temples, and mosaic floors.
• Richtersveld Cultural and Botanical Landscape, South Africa
  UNESCO Reference no. 1265
  A rugged desert landscape where semi-nomadic Nama people continue their traditional pastoral way of life, preserving ancient knowledge of the region’s flora.
• Lavaux, Vineyard Terraces, Switzerland
  UNESCO Reference no. 1243
  A centuries-old winemaking region along the shores of Lake Geneva, where vineyards have been cultivated since Roman times.
• Parthian Fortresses of Nisa, Turkmenistan
  UNESCO Reference no. 1242
  The ruins of an ancient Parthian capital, featuring fortified walls, palatial buildings, and intricate stucco decorations.

Natural Sites

• Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe
  UNESCO Reference no. 1133
  A vast transnational site spanning 18 countries, containing some of the last remaining virgin beech forests in Europe, crucial for biodiversity.
• Rainforests of the Atsinanana, Madagascar
  UNESCO Reference no. 1257
  A critically endangered rainforest ecosystem, home to unique species, including the Indri lemur and rare chameleons.
• Jeju Volcanic Island and Lava Tubes, South Korea
  UNESCO Reference no. 1264
  A geological wonder, featuring a shield volcano, lava tubes, and crater formations, home to diverse endemic flora and fauna.
• Teide National Park, Spain
  UNESCO Reference no. 1258
  Dominated by Mount Teide, the highest peak in Spain, this park is known for its volcanic landscapes, unique ecosystems, and stunning rock formations.

Mixed Sites

• South China Karst, China
  UNESCO Reference no. 1248
  A breathtaking landscape of towering limestone formations, caves, and underground rivers, covering seven provinces in southern China.
• Ecosystem and Relict Cultural Landscape of Lopé-Okanda, Gabon (F)
  UNESCO Reference no. 1147
  A rare combination of dense rainforest and savanna, containing prehistoric rock art, evidence of early human settlement, and rich biodiversity.

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Conclusion

The 2007 UNESCO World Heritage inscriptions celebrate both ancient civilizations and modern achievements, from the Red Fort in India to the Sydney Opera House. This year also highlights cultural landscapes, including the Richtersveld in South Africa, where traditions persist in harmony with nature. Jeju Island’s volcanic formations and South China’s limestone karst landscapes showcase Earth’s geological beauty, while the Ancient Beech Forests of Europe remind us of the need to protect pristine natural habitats.

2006 (30th session)

The 2006 UNESCO World Heritage Committee session recognized 18 new sites, showcasing historic towns, industrial heritage, ancient rock art, and remarkable natural reserves. This year featured China’s Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries, one of the world’s most important panda conservation sites, and the Agave Landscape of Tequila, highlighting Mexico’s rich agricultural and industrial legacy.

Cultural Sites

• Sewell Mining Town, Chile
  UNESCO Reference no. 1214
  A unique company town built in the early 20th century to house workers of Chile’s El Teniente, the world’s largest underground copper mine.
• Yin Xu, China
  UNESCO Reference no. 1114
  The ruins of Yin, the last capital of the Shang Dynasty (14th–11th century BC), containing oracle bone inscriptions—one of the earliest forms of Chinese writing.
• Harar Jugol, the Fortified Historic Town, Ethiopia
  UNESCO Reference no. 1189
  A walled city with over 80 mosques and 100 shrines, Harar is a significant Islamic cultural center in Africa.
• Stone Circles of Senegambia, Gambia & Senegal
  UNESCO Reference no. 1226
  A vast megalithic landscape with over 1,000 stone circles, marking one of the world’s largest concentrations of ancient burial sites.
• Old Town of Regensburg with Stadtamhof, Germany
  UNESCO Reference no. 1155
  A well-preserved medieval trading city along the Danube River, featuring Roman, Gothic, and Baroque architectural influences.
• Behistun Inscription, Iran
  UNESCO Reference no. 1222
  A massive rock relief and trilingual inscription from the 5th century BC, commissioned by Darius the Great, crucial in deciphering cuneiform script.
• Genoa: Le Strade Nuove and the system of the Palazzi dei Rolli, Italy
  UNESCO Reference no. 1211
  A network of Renaissance-era palaces that defined Genoa’s urban aristocratic landscape in the 16th and 17th centuries.
• Chongoni Rock-Art Area, Malawi
  UNESCO Reference no. 476
  Over 127 rock-art sites created by Bantu farmers and hunter-gatherers, illustrating spiritual beliefs and cultural traditions.
• Aapravasi Ghat, Mauritius (F)
  UNESCO Reference no. 1227
  A historic immigration depot that played a key role in the 19th-century indentured labor system, shaping the demographic history of Mauritius.
• Agave Landscape and Ancient Industrial Facilities of Tequila, Mexico
  UNESCO Reference no. 1209
  A historic cultural landscape where the blue agave plant has been cultivated for centuries to produce Mexico’s iconic tequila spirit.
• Aflaj Irrigation Systems of Oman, Oman
  UNESCO Reference no. 1207
  A network of over 3,000 ancient irrigation channels that have sustained Omani agriculture for millennia.
• Centennial Hall in Wrocław, Poland
  UNESCO Reference no. 1165
  A pioneering example of modern engineering, this reinforced concrete structure was designed by Max Berg in 1913.
• Vizcaya Bridge, Spain
  UNESCO Reference no. 1217
  The world’s first transporter bridge, an engineering marvel of the Industrial Revolution, blending steel construction with aesthetic elegance.
• Crac des Chevaliers and Qal’at Salah El-Din, Syria
  UNESCO Reference no. 1229
  Two of the most significant Crusader castles in the Middle East, showcasing military architecture from the 12th and 13th centuries.
• Kondoa Rock-Art Sites, Tanzania
  UNESCO Reference no. 1183
  A collection of over 150 rock shelters adorned with ancient paintings, depicting hunting scenes and spiritual rituals.
• Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape, United Kingdom
  UNESCO Reference no. 1215
  A major center of tin and copper mining, which helped drive industrial progress in the 18th and 19th centuries.

Natural Sites

• Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries – Wolong, Mt Siguniang and Jiajin Mountains, China
  UNESCO Reference no. 1213
  The largest remaining habitat for the giant panda, housing over 30% of the world’s wild population of this endangered species.
• Malpelo Fauna and Flora Sanctuary, Colombia
  UNESCO Reference no. 1216
  A remote Pacific island with one of the largest aggregations of hammerhead sharks and a crucial marine biodiversity hotspot.

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Conclusion

The 2006 UNESCO World Heritage inscriptions reflect human resilience, artistic expression, and ecological significance. Highlights include the Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries, securing the future of a globally beloved species, and Tequila’s Agave Landscape, where tradition and industry intersect. From fortified medieval towns to prehistoric rock art and ancient irrigation systems, these sites preserve the global narrative of innovation, adaptation, and cultural identity.

2005 (29th session)

The 2005 UNESCO World Heritage Committee session added 24 new sites to the World Heritage List, celebrating human ingenuity, cultural traditions, and natural wonders. This year’s inscriptions included the Struve Geodetic Arc, a transnational scientific achievement spanning ten countries, and the Old Bridge Area of Mostar, symbolizing post-war reconstruction and unity. Natural highlights included the West Norwegian Fjords and Wadi Al-Hitan, showcasing exceptional geological and marine heritage.

Cultural Sites

• Historic Centres of Berat and Gjirokastra, Albania
  UNESCO Reference no. 569
  These two well-preserved Ottoman-era towns display a rare fusion of architectural styles that reflect the cultural history of Albania.
• Qal’at al-Bahrain – Ancient Harbour and Capital of Dilmun, Bahrain (F)
  UNESCO Reference no. 1192
  An archaeological tell containing evidence of the ancient Dilmun civilization, known for its trading networks and burial mounds.
• Architectural, Residential and Cultural Complex of the Radziwill Family at Nesvizh, Belarus
  UNESCO Reference no. 1196
  A well-preserved example of a European aristocratic residence, blending Renaissance, Baroque, and Neoclassical styles.
• Struve Geodetic Arc, Belarus, Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova (F), Norway, Russia, Sweden, Ukraine
  UNESCO Reference no. 1187
  A series of triangulation points spanning 10 countries, marking one of the greatest scientific efforts to measure the Earth’s shape and size in the 19th century.
• Plantin-Moretus House-Workshops-Museum Complex, Belgium
  UNESCO Reference no. 1185
  A historical printing press in Antwerp, preserving early printing techniques and Renaissance-era bookmaking.
• Old Bridge Area of the Old City of Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina (F)
  UNESCO Reference no. 946
  A symbol of post-war reconciliation, the reconstructed 16th-century bridge represents the coexistence of diverse cultural influences.
• Humberstone and Santa Laura Saltpeter Works, Chile
  UNESCO Reference no. 1178
  Abandoned industrial settlements that played a crucial role in the 19th-century nitrate industry and labor movements.
• Historic Centre of Macao, China (Macao) (F)
  UNESCO Reference no. 1110
  A fusion of Portuguese and Chinese influences, with colonial architecture and traditional Chinese temples.
• Urban Historic Centre of Cienfuegos, Cuba
  UNESCO Reference no. 1202
  A rare example of 19th-century Spanish Enlightenment urban planning in Latin America.
• Le Havre, the City Rebuilt by Auguste Perret, France
  UNESCO Reference no. 1181
  A post-war reconstruction project showcasing modernist urban planning and architectural innovation.
• Soltaniyeh, Iran
  UNESCO Reference no. 1188
  Home to the grand Dome of Soltaniyeh, an architectural marvel of the Ilkhanid dynasty, influencing Islamic architecture.
• Biblical Tels – Megiddo, Hazor, Beer Sheba, Israel
  UNESCO Reference no. 1108
  These ancient settlements hold archaeological evidence of biblical-era civilizations and city planning.
• Incense Route – Desert Cities in the Negev, Israel
  UNESCO Reference no. 1107
  A network of towns that flourished due to the spice trade, linking Arabia to the Mediterranean.
• Syracuse and the Rocky Necropolis of Pantalica, Italy
  UNESCO Reference no. 1200
  A blend of Greek, Roman, and Byzantine heritage, with ancient tombs carved into limestone cliffs.
• Osun-Osogbo Sacred Grove, Nigeria
  UNESCO Reference no. 1118
  A sacred forest honoring Osun, the Yoruba goddess of fertility, and an important center of spiritual and artistic traditions.
• Historical Centre of the City of Yaroslavl, Russia
  UNESCO Reference no. 1170
  A showcase of Russian Baroque architecture, blending Orthodox traditions with Western influences.
• Kunya-Urgench, Turkmenistan
  UNESCO Reference no. 1199
  The ruins of a medieval city that was once a major center of Islamic culture and learning.

Natural Sites

• Wadi Al-Hitan (Whale Valley), Egypt
  UNESCO Reference no. 1186
  A unique fossil site containing remains of early whales, documenting their evolution from land to sea creatures.
• Shiretoko Peninsula, Japan
  UNESCO Reference no. 1193
  A pristine ecosystem with one of the highest concentrations of brown bears in the world.
• Islands and Protected Areas of the Gulf of California, Mexico
  UNESCO Reference no. 1182
  A marine biodiversity hotspot, home to endemic species such as the endangered vaquita porpoise.
• West Norwegian Fjords – Geirangerfjord and Nærøyfjord, Norway
  UNESCO Reference no. 1195
  Majestic glacial fjords with towering cliffs and waterfalls, showcasing outstanding natural beauty.
• Coiba National Park and its Special Zone of Marine Protection, Panama
  UNESCO Reference no. 1138
  A protected marine reserve home to diverse coral reefs, sharks, and tropical fish.
• Vredefort Dome, South Africa
  UNESCO Reference no. 1162
  The world’s largest known impact crater, formed by an asteroid collision over two billion years ago.
• Dong Phayayen-Khao Yai Forest Complex, Thailand
  UNESCO Reference no. 590
  A biodiverse forest landscape supporting endangered species like tigers and Asian elephants.

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Conclusion

The 2005 UNESCO World Heritage inscriptions highlight the scientific, cultural, and natural achievements of humanity, from biblical archaeological sites to post-war urban reconstruction and untouched natural landscapes. The Struve Geodetic Arc, a monumental effort in Earth measurement spanning 10 nations, was a major highlight, alongside the reconstructed Old Bridge of Mostar and the ancient ruins of Kunya-Urgench. These designations reinforce the importance of cultural resilience, scientific progress, and ecological conservation in our shared global heritage.

2004 (28th session)

The 2004 UNESCO World Heritage Committee session inscribed 34 new sites onto the prestigious list, further enriching global cultural and natural heritage. This year’s additions highlight a diverse range of historical, architectural, and ecological treasures, from the Arctic landscapes of Greenland to the volcanic peaks of Saint Lucia. Notable cultural inscriptions include the ancient Koguryo tombs in North Korea, the historic city of Liverpool, and the Portuguese City of Mazagan in Morocco. On the natural side, Ilulissat Icefjord in Greenland and the Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra stand out for their ecological significance.

Cultural Sites

• Madriu-Perafita-Claror Valley, Andorra (F)
  UNESCO Reference no. 1160
  A glacial valley reflecting the harmonious relationship between people and nature over millennia, preserving traditional farming and herding practices.
• Royal Exhibition Building and Carlton Gardens, Australia
  UNESCO Reference no. 1131
  A prime example of 19th-century exhibition architecture, demonstrating the influence of world fairs on urban development.
• Koutammakou, the Land of the Batammariba, Benin & Togo (F)
  UNESCO Reference no. 1140
  Home to the Batammariba people, this landscape is characterized by unique mud-tower houses representing an exceptional cultural tradition.
• Capital Cities and Tombs of the Ancient Koguryo Kingdom, China
  UNESCO Reference no. 1135
  The remains of Koguryo’s capitals and tombs illustrate the power and artistic achievements of one of the region’s early civilizations.
• Dresden Elbe Valley, Germany (delisted in 2009)
  UNESCO Reference no. 1156
  A cultural landscape that reflected European urban and landscape design, before later developments led to its removal from the list.
• Town Hall and Roland on the Marketplace of Bremen, Germany
  UNESCO Reference no. 1087
  An outstanding example of medieval and Renaissance civic architecture, symbolizing independence and market rights.
• Muskauer Park / Park Mużakowski, Germany & Poland
  UNESCO Reference no. 1127
  A cross-border cultural landscape designed as an English garden, influencing landscape architecture across Europe.
• Þingvellir National Park, Iceland (F)
  UNESCO Reference no. 1152
  A site of great historical and geological significance, it was home to the world’s first parliament, the Althing, in 930 AD.
• Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park, India
  UNESCO Reference no. 1101
  A well-preserved site blending Hindu and Islamic architecture, featuring temples, mosques, and water structures.
• Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (formerly Victoria Terminus), India
  UNESCO Reference no. 945
  A masterpiece of 19th-century railway architecture, blending Gothic Revival and Indian influences.
• Bam and its Cultural Landscape, Iran
  UNESCO Reference no. 1208
  An ancient desert city with a massive citadel, tragically damaged in an earthquake but still holding immense cultural significance.
• Pasargadae, Iran
  UNESCO Reference no. 1106
  The first dynastic capital of the Achaemenid Empire, founded by Cyrus the Great, showcasing early Persian architecture.
• Etruscan Necropolises of Cerveteri and Tarquinia, Italy
  UNESCO Reference no. 1158
  Remarkable burial sites with painted tombs reflecting Etruscan civilization and its artistic sophistication.
• Val d’Orcia, Italy
  UNESCO Reference no. 1026
  A landscape that inspired Renaissance painters, demonstrating human settlement and agricultural planning.
• Sacred Sites and Pilgrimage Routes in the Kii Mountain Range, Japan
  UNESCO Reference no. 1142
  An interconnected network of temples, shrines, and pilgrimage routes deeply tied to Buddhist and Shinto traditions.
• Um er-Rasas (Kastrom Mefa’a), Jordan
  UNESCO Reference no. 1093
  An archaeological site with extensive Roman, Byzantine, and early Islamic ruins, including mosaic floors of exceptional quality.
• Petroglyphs within the Archaeological Landscape of Tamgaly, Kazakhstan
  UNESCO Reference no. 1145
  An open-air gallery of rock carvings dating from the Bronze Age, depicting religious and cultural symbols.
• Kernavė Archaeological Site (Cultural Reserve of Kernavė), Lithuania
  UNESCO Reference no. 1137
  A unique prehistoric settlement with hillforts and burial sites, illustrating millennia of cultural evolution.
• Tomb of Askia, Mali
  UNESCO Reference no. 1139
  A monumental mud-brick pyramid marking the expansion of Islam in West Africa.
• Luis Barragán House and Studio, Mexico
  UNESCO Reference no. 1136
  A landmark of modernist architecture, blending traditional Mexican elements with modernist principles.
• Orkhon Valley Cultural Landscape, Mongolia
  UNESCO Reference no. 1081
  A vast steppe landscape that served as a cultural and political hub for Mongolian and nomadic civilizations.
• Portuguese City of Mazagan (El Jadida), Morocco
  UNESCO Reference no. 1058
  A 16th-century fortified city showcasing Portuguese and Moroccan architectural influences.
• Complex of Koguryo Tombs, North Korea (F)
  UNESCO Reference no. 1091
  An ensemble of ancient tombs decorated with vivid murals, offering insight into the Koguryo culture.
• Vegaøyan – The Vega Archipelago, Norway
  UNESCO Reference no. 1143
  A landscape reflecting the symbiosis between humans and nature in the Arctic Circle.
• Landscape of the Pico Island Vineyard Culture, Portugal
  UNESCO Reference no. 1117
  A dramatic landscape of volcanic vineyards, demonstrating human resilience and ingenuity.
• Ensemble of the Novodevichy Convent, Russia
  UNESCO Reference no. 1097
  A stunning 16th-century convent, closely linked to Russian history and the Romanov dynasty.
• Medieval Monuments in Kosovo, Serbia
  UNESCO Reference no. 724
  A group of Orthodox monasteries with exquisite frescoes, showcasing medieval Balkan art and architecture.
• Grimeton Radio Station, Varberg, Sweden
  UNESCO Reference no. 1134
  A well-preserved early 20th-century transatlantic radio station, reflecting advancements in global communication.
• Liverpool – Maritime Mercantile City, United Kingdom (delisted in 2021)
  UNESCO Reference no. 1150
  A historic port city that played a key role in global trade and migration, later removed from the list due to modern developments.

Natural Sites

• Ilulissat Icefjord, Denmark (Greenland) (F)
  UNESCO Reference no. 1149
  A spectacular glacial landscape, offering insights into climate change and the movement of ice sheets.
• Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra, Indonesia
  UNESCO Reference no. 1167
  A vast rainforest ecosystem home to critically endangered species, including the Sumatran tiger and orangutan.
• Natural System of Wrangel Island Reserve, Russia
  UNESCO Reference no. 1023
  An Arctic wildlife sanctuary known for its population of polar bears, walruses, and migrating birds.
• Pitons Management Area, Saint Lucia (F)
  UNESCO Reference no. 1161
  A stunning volcanic landscape with lush forests and unique marine biodiversity.
• Cape Floral Region Protected Areas, South Africa
  UNESCO Reference no. 1007
  A biodiversity hotspot containing nearly 20% of Africa’s flora, including rare and endemic plant species.

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Conclusion

The 2004 UNESCO World Heritage inscriptions reflect the diverse heritage of human civilization and nature, from ancient tombs and religious landscapes to fragile ecosystems and biodiversity hotspots. These sites contribute to global cultural and environmental preservation, ensuring that future generations can appreciate their significance.

2003 (27th Session)

The 27th session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, hosted in France, saw the inscription of 24 new sites to the World Heritage List. These include 19 cultural and 5 natural sites, emphasizing humanity’s shared commitment to safeguarding cultural achievements and natural wonders across the globe.

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Cultural Sites

• Cultural Landscape and Archaeological Remains of the Bamiyan Valley, Afghanistan
  UNESCO Reference no. 208
  This site showcases the artistic and architectural legacy of the Gandhara school, featuring Buddhist monastic ensembles, statues, and caves.
• Quebrada de Humahuaca, Argentina
  UNESCO Reference no. 1116
  A cultural landscape shaped over 10,000 years, this site reflects human settlement and trade along the ancient Andean road system.
• Historic Quarter of the Seaport City of Valparaíso, Chile
  UNESCO Reference no. 959
  Known for its unique urban landscape and development as a major Pacific seaport, Valparaíso reflects the cultural exchange between Europe and the Americas.
• Jewish Quarter and St Procopius’ Basilica in Třebíč, Czech Republic
  UNESCO Reference no. 1078
  This well-preserved site represents the coexistence of Jewish and Christian communities in Central Europe.
• Kunta Kinteh Island and Related Sites, Gambia
  UNESCO Reference no. 761
  Significant for its role in the transatlantic slave trade, this site bears witness to human suffering and resilience.
• Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka, India
  UNESCO Reference no. 925
  These shelters feature prehistoric art, revealing early human life and culture in South Asia.
• Takht-e Soleyman, Iran
  UNESCO Reference no. 1077
  This archaeological site includes Zoroastrian fire temples and reflects religious practices from the Sassanian period.
• Ashur (Qal’at Sherqat), Iraq
  UNESCO Reference no. 1130
  Once the capital of the Assyrian Empire, Ashur holds key cultural and architectural artifacts of Mesopotamian civilization.
• White City of Tel-Aviv – the Modern Movement, Israel
  UNESCO Reference no. 1096
  This site demonstrates early 20th-century urban planning and the influence of the Bauhaus movement.
• Sacri Monti of Piedmont and Lombardy, Italy
  UNESCO Reference no. 1068
  A series of devotional complexes, these sites blend art, architecture, and spirituality in a harmonious natural setting.
• Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi, Kazakhstan
  UNESCO Reference no. 1103
  A masterpiece of Timurid architecture, this mausoleum honors a revered Sufi mystic and Islamic teacher.
• Franciscan Missions in the Sierra Gorda of Querétaro, Mexico
  UNESCO Reference no. 1079
  These missions reflect the cultural interaction between Spanish missionaries and indigenous groups in the 18th century.
• Wooden Churches of Southern Małopolska, Poland
  UNESCO Reference no. 1053
  Exemplifying traditional wooden architecture, these churches date back to the 15th and 16th centuries.
• Citadel, Ancient City and Fortress Buildings of Derbent, Russia
  UNESCO Reference no. 1070
  Located on the Caspian Sea, this site was a strategic military and cultural hub for centuries.
• Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape, South Africa
  UNESCO Reference no. 1099
  This Iron Age archaeological site reflects the development of early state systems in southern Africa.
• Renaissance Monumental Ensembles of Úbeda and Baeza, Spain
  UNESCO Reference no. 522
  These towns feature outstanding examples of Renaissance civic and religious architecture.
• Gebel Barkal and the Sites of the Napatan Region, Sudan
  UNESCO Reference no. 1073
  This site includes temples, palaces, and pyramids associated with the Kushite Kingdom.
• Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, United Kingdom
  UNESCO Reference no. 1084
  A global center for plant research, Kew Gardens also showcases historical garden landscapes.
• Matobo Hills, Zimbabwe
  UNESCO Reference no. 306
  Known for its granite kopjes and ancient rock art, this site is spiritually significant to local communities.

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Natural Sites

• Purnululu National Park, Australia
  UNESCO Reference no. 1094
  This park is celebrated for its dramatic sandstone formations and unique biodiversity.
• Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas, China
  UNESCO Reference no. 1083
  Home to extraordinary biodiversity, this site features the Yangtze, Mekong, and Salween rivers running parallel through steep gorges.
• Monte San Giorgio, Italy and Switzerland
  UNESCO Reference no. 1090
  A key fossil site, Monte San Giorgio provides insight into marine life during the Middle Triassic period.
• Uvs Nuur Basin, Mongolia and Russia
  UNESCO Reference no. 769
  This basin is a natural ecosystem spanning desert, steppe, and freshwater environments.
• Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park, Vietnam
  UNESCO Reference no. 951
  Renowned for its limestone karst formations, this park contains extensive caves and underground rivers.

The 2003 inscriptions demonstrate UNESCO’s dedication to preserving cultural heritage and natural wonders. From prehistoric art and ancient cities to exceptional biodiversity, these sites underscore the richness and diversity of our shared global legacy.

2002 (26th Session)

The 26th session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, held in Hungary, inscribed 9 new sites onto the World Heritage List. These include 8 cultural sites and 1 mixed site, showcasing a diverse range of historical, architectural, and natural wonders from around the globe.

Cultural Sites

• Minaret and Archaeological Remains of Jam, Afghanistan
  UNESCO Reference no. 211
  This site features an elegant 12th-century minaret, a testament to the artistic and cultural achievements of the Ghurid Dynasty.
• Saint Catherine Area, Egypt
  UNESCO Reference no. 954
  Located at the foot of Mount Sinai, this site includes the Monastery of Saint Catherine, a sacred place of immense religious significance.
• Historic Centres of Stralsund and Wismar, Germany
  UNESCO Reference no. 1067
  These historic cities highlight the cultural and architectural legacy of the Hanseatic League.
• Upper Middle Rhine Valley, Germany
  UNESCO Reference no. 1066
  This picturesque valley features medieval castles, towns, and vineyards, representing a cultural landscape of great historical significance.
• Tokaj Wine Region Historic Cultural Landscape, Hungary
  UNESCO Reference no. 1063
  Renowned for its vineyards and wine cellars, this region reflects centuries of viniculture and a distinct cultural tradition.
• Mahabodhi Temple Complex at Bodh Gaya, India
  UNESCO Reference no. 1056
  The Mahabodhi Temple is one of the most sacred sites for Buddhists, marking the location where Gautama Buddha attained enlightenment.
• Late Baroque Towns of the Val di Noto (South-Eastern Sicily), Italy
  UNESCO Reference no. 1024
  These towns showcase the distinctive Sicilian Baroque style developed after the 1693 earthquake.
• Historic Inner City of Paramaribo, Suriname
  UNESCO Reference no. 940
  Paramaribo’s well-preserved colonial architecture reflects the blend of European and indigenous influences in the New World.

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Mixed Site

• Ancient Maya City and Protected Tropical Forests of Calakmul, Campeche, Mexico
  UNESCO Reference no. 1061
  This site combines the ruins of an ancient Maya city with one of the largest tropical forests in Mexico, showcasing cultural and natural heritage.

The 2002 inscriptions highlight the global significance of preserving humanity’s shared cultural and natural heritage. From the historic centers of Europe to the sacred sites of Asia and the ecological richness of the Americas, these additions reflect the enduring value of these treasures for future generations.

2001 (25th Session)

The 25th session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee was held in Finland, inscribing 31 new sites to the prestigious list. Among these were 25 cultural sites and 6 natural sites, showcasing a rich diversity of heritage across continents. This session highlighted significant cultural landmarks and critical natural habitats, reflecting the importance of preserving both human achievements and the natural environment.

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Cultural Sites

• Historic Centre of Vienna, Austria
  UNESCO Reference no. 1033
  Vienna’s historic core reflects centuries of European history, showcasing architectural styles from the Middle Ages to the Baroque and modern eras.
• Fertö / Neusiedlersee Cultural Landscape, Austria and Hungary
  UNESCO Reference no. 772
  This unique region demonstrates harmonious interaction between human settlement and the natural environment over eight millennia.
• Tsodilo, Botswana
  UNESCO Reference no. 1021
  Known as the “Louvre of the Desert,” Tsodilo contains over 4,500 rock art paintings, illustrating thousands of years of human settlement.
• Historic Centre of the Town of Goiás, Brazil
  UNESCO Reference no. 993
  Goiás represents an outstanding example of a colonial town adapted to the environment of Central Brazil.
• Yungang Grottoes, China
  UNESCO Reference no. 1039
  These 5th and 6th-century Buddhist grottoes are a masterpiece of rock carving and Buddhist art.
• Tugendhat Villa in Brno, Czech Republic
  UNESCO Reference no. 1052
  An iconic example of modern architecture by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, showcasing innovative design and materials.
• Provins, Town of Medieval Fairs, France
  UNESCO Reference no. 873
  A historic trading hub, Provins preserves its medieval urban fabric and unique merchant architecture.
• Zollverein Coal Mine Industrial Complex in Essen, Germany
  UNESCO Reference no. 975
  A monument to industrialization, Zollverein showcases 19th and 20th-century coal mining and processing.
• Masada, Israel
  UNESCO Reference no. 1040
  This ancient fortress symbolizes Jewish resistance against Roman rule and features extraordinary archaeological remains.
• Old City of Acre, Israel
  UNESCO Reference no. 1042
  Acre represents an exceptional example of a fortified city, showcasing Crusader and Ottoman architecture and urban planning.
• Villa d’Este, Tivoli, Italy
  UNESCO Reference no. 1025
  Renowned for its magnificent fountains, gardens, and Renaissance palace, the villa exemplifies Italian Renaissance culture.
• Lamu Old Town, Kenya
  UNESCO Reference no. 1055
  An enduring Swahili settlement, Lamu Town preserves traditional architecture and culture on the East African coast.
• Vat Phou and Associated Ancient Settlements within the Champasak Cultural Landscape, Laos
  UNESCO Reference no. 481
  This Khmer site integrates impressive temple architecture with its surrounding natural landscape.
• Royal Hill of Ambohimanga, Madagascar
  UNESCO Reference no. 950
  A sacred royal site symbolizing the cultural identity of the Malagasy people.
• Medina of Essaouira (formerly Mogador), Morocco
  UNESCO Reference no. 753
  A well-preserved example of an 18th-century fortified town, showcasing a blend of European and North African influences.
• Churches of Peace in Jawor and Świdnica, Poland
  UNESCO Reference no. 1054
  These timber-framed churches are remarkable for their size and unique construction in post-Reformation Europe.
• Alto Douro Wine Region, Portugal
  UNESCO Reference no. 1046
  The region exemplifies centuries of winemaking tradition, blending natural beauty with human ingenuity.
• Historic Centre of Guimarães and Couros Zone, Portugal
  UNESCO Reference no. 1031
  Recognized as the birthplace of Portugal, Guimarães reflects the evolution of medieval urbanism.
• Aranjuez Cultural Landscape, Spain
  UNESCO Reference no. 1044
  Known for its stunning gardens and royal palaces, Aranjuez reflects the harmonious interaction of nature and art.
• Mining Area of the Great Copper Mountain in Falun, Sweden
  UNESCO Reference no. 1027
  Once a major mining site, Falun showcases the technological and cultural heritage of the copper industry.
• Tombs of Buganda Kings at Kasubi, Uganda
  UNESCO Reference no. 1022
  A sacred burial ground, this site embodies the spiritual and cultural traditions of the Buganda kingdom.
• Derwent Valley Mills, United Kingdom
  UNESCO Reference no. 1030
  The birthplace of the modern factory system, the mills revolutionized textile manufacturing.
• New Lanark, United Kingdom
  UNESCO Reference no. 429
  A model industrial village, New Lanark reflects 18th and 19th-century social and industrial reform.
• Saltaire, United Kingdom
  UNESCO Reference no. 1028
  An example of 19th-century philanthropic industrialism, featuring well-preserved urban planning.
• Samarkand – Crossroad of Cultures, Uzbekistan
  UNESCO Reference no. 603
  A key city on the Silk Road, Samarkand boasts exceptional Islamic architecture and cultural heritage.

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Natural Sites

• Brazilian Atlantic Islands: Fernando de Noronha and Atol das Rocas Reserves, Brazil
  UNESCO Reference no. 1000
  This archipelago protects vital marine biodiversity, including unique coral formations and endangered species.
• Cerrado Protected Areas: Chapada dos Veadeiros and Emas National Parks, Brazil
  UNESCO Reference no. 1035
  A global biodiversity hotspot, preserving one of the world’s oldest and most diverse tropical ecosystems.
• Alejandro de Humboldt National Park, Cuba
  UNESCO Reference no. 839
  This park contains extraordinary biodiversity, including species endemic to the Caribbean.
• Central Sikhote-Alin, Russia
  UNESCO Reference no. 766
  A refuge for species like the Siberian tiger, this site represents an outstanding example of biodiversity conservation.
• Swiss Alps Jungfrau-Aletsch, Switzerland
  UNESCO Reference no. 1037
  A dramatic alpine landscape, showcasing unique geological formations and glacial processes.
• Dorset and East Devon Coast, United Kingdom
  UNESCO Reference no. 1029
  Known as the Jurassic Coast, this site offers a remarkable insight into Earth’s geological history.

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Conclusion

The 25th session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee showcased an extraordinary array of cultural and natural heritage from around the globe. From ancient grottoes and royal landscapes to biodiversity hotspots and geological wonders, these sites underline the importance of preserving humanity’s shared legacy. Each site not only tells a story of the past but also inspires a commitment to protect our planet’s future.

2000 (24th session)

This year marked an exceptional session with 61 sites inscribed, the highest number of inscriptions to date. The selections spanned across diverse landscapes and cultures, featuring ancient ruins, natural reserves, and innovative architectural sites. Notable inclusions include the Greater Blue Mountains Area in Australia, the Stone Town of Zanzibar in Tanzania, and the Jesuit Block and Estancias of Córdoba in Argentina.

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Cultural

• Jesuit Block and Estancias of Córdoba, Argentina
  UNESCO Reference no. 995
  A testimony to the work of the Jesuits in South America, this site includes religious and educational institutions that reflect the influence of Christianity on indigenous cultures.
• Cathedral and Churches of Echmiatsin and the Archaeological Site of Zvartnots, Armenia
  UNESCO Reference no. 1011
  These sites represent the development of early Armenian architecture and the spiritual significance of the Armenian Apostolic Church.
• Monastery of Geghard and the Upper Azat Valley, Armenia
  UNESCO Reference no. 960
  This monastery, partially carved out of a mountain, is a masterpiece of medieval Armenian architecture and spirituality.
• Wachau Cultural Landscape, Austria
  UNESCO Reference no. 970
  A picturesque valley along the Danube River, the Wachau region is noted for its historic towns, vineyards, and architectural landmarks.
• Walled City of Baku with the Shirvanshah’s Palace and Maiden Tower, Azerbaijan (F)
  UNESCO Reference no. 958
  This site reflects the diverse influences of Zoroastrian, Sasanian, Arabic, Persian, and Russian cultures over millennia.
• Mir Castle Complex, Belarus
  UNESCO Reference no. 625
  A striking example of Belarusian Gothic and Renaissance architecture, this site also symbolizes cultural and political changes in the region.
• Historic Centre of Brugge, Belgium
  UNESCO Reference no. 996
  Renowned for its preserved medieval architecture, Brugge demonstrates the cultural and commercial wealth of the Flemish region.
• Major Town Houses of the Architect Victor Horta (Brussels), Belgium
  UNESCO Reference no. 1005
  These buildings represent Art Nouveau at its peak, showcasing Horta’s architectural innovation.
• Neolithic Flint Mines at Spiennes (Mons), Belgium
  UNESCO Reference no. 1006
  Among the largest and oldest mining complexes in Europe, these mines are a testament to early human industry.
• Notre-Dame Cathedral in Tournai, Belgium
  UNESCO Reference no. 1009
  The Notre-Dame Cathedral in Tournai is an exceptional example of Romanesque and early Gothic architecture, notable for its imposing nave, transept, and five bell towers.
• Tiwanaku: Spiritual and Political Centre of the Tiwanaku Culture, Bolivia
  UNESCO Reference no. 567
  This pre-Columbian site in the Andes illustrates the cultural and political significance of the Tiwanaku civilization.
• Churches of Chiloé, Chile
  UNESCO Reference no. 971
  These wooden churches are outstanding examples of ecclesiastical architecture that blend European and indigenous traditions, reflecting the cultural heritage of Chiloé Island.
• Ancient Villages in Southern Anhui – Xidi and Hongcun, China
  UNESCO Reference no. 1002
  These villages are outstanding examples of traditional Anhui-style rural architecture.
• Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, China
  UNESCO Reference no. 1004
  These tombs showcase ancient Chinese burial traditions, architecture, and landscapes, demonstrating the cultural and political significance of the Ming and Qing dynasties.
• Longmen Grottoes, China
  UNESCO Reference no. 1003
  A remarkable collection of Buddhist art, these grottoes contain thousands of sculptures, inscriptions, and carved caves along the Yi River.
• Mount Qingcheng and the Dujiangyan Irrigation System, China
  UNESCO Reference no. 1001
  This site includes a Taoist holy mountain and an ancient irrigation system that demonstrates advanced hydraulic engineering from the 3rd century BCE.
• The Cathedral of St James in Šibenik, Croatia
  UNESCO Reference no. 963
  Constructed entirely of stone, this cathedral is a masterpiece of Renaissance architecture, showcasing innovative engineering and artistic collaboration across Europe.
• Archaeological Landscape of the First Coffee Plantations in the South-East of Cuba, Cuba
  UNESCO Reference no. 1008
  This site preserves the remains of 19th-century coffee plantations, highlighting the agricultural and economic significance of coffee production in Cuba during that period.
• Holy Trinity Column in Olomouc, Czech Republic
  UNESCO Reference no. 859
  A Baroque monument of exceptional artistry, the column commemorates the Trinity and the Catholic faith.
• Kronborg Castle, Denmark
  UNESCO Reference no. 696
  Immortalized as Elsinore in Shakespeare’s Hamlet, Kronborg Castle is a Renaissance masterpiece.
• The Loire Valley between Sully-sur-Loire and Chalonnes, France
  UNESCO Reference no. 933
  Known as the “Garden of France,” the Loire Valley features outstanding examples of Renaissance and Enlightenment architecture.
• Garden Kingdom of Dessau-Wörlitz, Germany
  UNESCO Reference no. 534
  A pioneering example of landscape design and architecture in the Age of Enlightenment, this cultural landscape combines gardens, architecture, and natural features in a harmonious design that influenced later developments in Europe.
• Monastic Island of Reichenau, Germany
  UNESCO Reference no. 974
  This island on Lake Constance is home to a Benedictine monastery renowned for its Romanesque churches and medieval manuscripts, reflecting the cultural and spiritual significance of the early Middle Ages.
• Early Christian Necropolis of Pécs (Sopianae), Hungary
  UNESCO Reference no. 853
  Dating to the 4th century, this site contains tombs with painted decorations that merge Roman and early Christian art, providing valuable insights into early Christian communities and their burial practices.
• Assisi, the Basilica of San Francesco and Other Franciscan Sites, Italy
  UNESCO Reference no. 990
  This complex of religious sites honors Saint Francis of Assisi and showcases medieval Italian art and architecture.
• City of Verona, Italy
  UNESCO Reference no. 797
  Renowned for its architectural and cultural significance, Verona is an outstanding example of a fortified city that evolved progressively throughout history, featuring Roman, medieval, and Renaissance influences. It is also famously associated with Shakespeare’s “Romeo and Juliet.”
• Gusuku Sites and Related Properties of the Kingdom of Ryukyu, Japan
  UNESCO Reference no. 972
  These sites illustrate the cultural uniqueness of the Ryukyu Kingdom and its interaction with East Asia.
• Curonian Spit, Lithuania and Russia
  UNESCO Reference no. 994
  This unique cultural landscape is a sand dune peninsula shared by Lithuania and Russia. It features a remarkable combination of natural beauty and cultural heritage, shaped by centuries of human settlement and interaction with nature.
• Rietveld Schröderhuis (Rietveld Schröder House), Netherlands
  UNESCO Reference no. 965
  A masterpiece of modern architecture, this house designed by Gerrit Rietveld embodies the principles of the De Stijl movement with its innovative use of space and design elements.
• Ruins of León Viejo, Nicaragua
  UNESCO Reference no. 613
  León Viejo offers a rare glimpse into Spanish colonial town planning from the 16th century. The ruins stand as a testament to the region’s early history and its exposure to natural disasters.
• Land of Frankincense, Oman
  UNESCO Reference no. 1010
  This cultural site reflects the historic significance of frankincense production and trade in Oman, featuring archaeological remains of caravan settlements and ports linked to this ancient trade.
• Historic Centre of the City of Arequipa, Peru
  UNESCO Reference no. 1016
  Known as the “White City” due to its volcanic stone architecture, Arequipa blends colonial and indigenous traditions.
• Ensemble of the Ferapontov Monastery, Russia
  UNESCO Reference no. 982
  The monastery is an outstanding example of Russian medieval architecture and features some of the finest frescoes painted by Dionisy, one of Russia’s most celebrated icon painters.
• Historic and Architectural Complex of the Kazan Kremlin, Russia
  UNESCO Reference no. 980
  A unique complex blending Orthodox and Islamic architectural styles, the Kazan Kremlin reflects the historical interaction between the Tatar and Russian cultures.
• Island of Saint-Louis, Senegal
  UNESCO Reference no. 956
  A significant cultural crossroads during the 19th century, Saint-Louis reflects the colonial architectural heritage of Senegal and the island’s role as a center for trade and administration.
• Bardejov Town Conservation Reserve, Slovakia
  UNESCO Reference no. 973
  This well-preserved medieval town showcases a harmonious combination of Gothic and Renaissance architecture, along with significant fortifications.
• Gochang, Hwasun and Ganghwa Dolmen Sites, South Korea
  UNESCO Reference no. 977
  These dolmen sites represent the burial practices and social structures of prehistoric societies in Korea, featuring the world’s highest concentration of megalithic tombs.
• Gyeongju Historic Areas, South Korea
  UNESCO Reference no. 976
  Known as the “museum without walls,” Gyeongju contains archaeological sites and artifacts from the Silla Kingdom, showcasing ancient Korean culture and Buddhism.
• Archaeological Ensemble of Tarraco, Spain
  UNESCO Reference no. 875
  Tarraco represents one of the most important Roman archaeological sites in the Iberian Peninsula, reflecting its significance as a provincial capital in the Roman Empire.
• Archaeological Site of Atapuerca, Spain
  UNESCO Reference no. 989
  This site provides invaluable insight into early human evolution and features some of the oldest human remains found in Europe.
• Catalan Romanesque Churches of the Vall de Boí, Spain
  UNESCO Reference no. 988
  A group of nine Romanesque churches in the Pyrenees, the Vall de Boí churches are remarkable for their unique architectural style and well-preserved frescoes.
• Palmeral of Elche, Spain
  UNESCO Reference no. 930
  The Palmeral is a historic oasis system introduced during the Arab period, showcasing innovative agricultural practices in arid conditions and a unique cultural landscape.
• Roman Walls of Lugo, Spain
  UNESCO Reference no. 987
  An outstanding example of Roman military architecture, these walls are remarkably well-preserved and encircle the historic center of Lugo.
• Agricultural Landscape of Southern Öland, Sweden
  UNESCO Reference no. 968
  This cultural landscape reflects a long history of human settlement and land use, showcasing the unique combination of natural conditions and centuries-old agricultural practices.
• Three Castles, Defensive Wall and Ramparts of the Market-Town of Bellinzona, Switzerland
  UNESCO Reference no. 884
  These well-preserved medieval fortifications are a testament to the region’s strategic importance and architectural ingenuity during the Middle Ages.
• Stone Town of Zanzibar, Tanzania
  UNESCO Reference no. 173
  A unique fusion of African, Arab, Indian, and European influences, the Stone Town is a vital center of Swahili culture.
• Blaenavon Industrial Landscape, United Kingdom
  UNESCO Reference no. 984
  This site demonstrates the profound impact of the Industrial Revolution on society, landscape, and culture.
• Historic Town of St George and Related Fortifications, Bermuda (United Kingdom)
  UNESCO Reference no. 983
  This site is an outstanding example of a planned colonial town, reflecting early English urban settlement in the New World, along with its associated fortifications.
• Historic Centre of Shakhrisyabz, Uzbekistan
  UNESCO Reference no. 885
  Known as the birthplace of Timur (Tamerlane), this historic center features remarkable monuments and remains of palaces that highlight the region’s architectural and cultural achievements.
• Ciudad Universitaria de Caracas, Venezuela
  UNESCO Reference no. 986
  Designed by architect Carlos Raúl Villanueva, this university campus is a masterpiece of modern city planning and architecture, incorporating artistic works and functional design into a cohesive whole.

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Natural

• Ischigualasto / Talampaya Natural Parks, Argentina
  UNESCO Reference no. 966
  These parks contain unique geological formations and fossil deposits that provide insights into the Triassic Period.
• Greater Blue Mountains Area, Australia
  UNESCO Reference no. 917
  This diverse landscape is home to unique flora and fauna, including many species found nowhere else on Earth.
• Noel Kempff Mercado National Park, Bolivia
  UNESCO Reference no. 967
  A natural reserve located in the Amazon Basin, this park is home to a rich biodiversity, including unique flora and fauna, and is an important site for the conservation of tropical ecosystems.
• Central Amazon Conservation Complex, Brazil
  UNESCO Reference no. 998
  The largest protected rainforest area in the Amazon, it preserves the region’s exceptional biodiversity and vital ecosystems.
• Pantanal Conservation Area, Brazil
  UNESCO Reference no. 999
  This site protects a portion of the world’s largest freshwater wetland, known for its incredible wildlife diversity, including jaguars, caimans, and hundreds of bird species.
• High Coast / Kvarken Archipelago, Finland and Sweden
  UNESCO Reference no. 898
  This transboundary natural site showcases the geological phenomenon of post-glacial rebound, where land previously depressed by ice sheets continues to rise, creating unique landscapes of islands, cliffs, and bays.
• Isole Eolie (Aeolian Islands), Italy
  UNESCO Reference no. 908
  This volcanic archipelago in the Tyrrhenian Sea provides exceptional examples of volcanic island formation and ongoing geological processes. The islands have also influenced studies in volcanology over the centuries.
• Gunung Mulu National Park, Malaysia
  UNESCO Reference no. 1013
  Known for its limestone karst formations, caves, and rich biodiversity, Gunung Mulu is an ecological marvel.
• Kinabalu Park, Malaysia
  UNESCO Reference no. 1012
  One of the most important biological sites in the world, Kinabalu Park is home to thousands of plant species, numerous animal species, and the iconic Mount Kinabalu, a symbol of Malaysia’s natural heritage.
• Central Suriname Nature Reserve, Suriname
  UNESCO Reference no. 1017
  This vast reserve encompasses pristine tropical rainforest, featuring an exceptional diversity of plant and animal species, many of which are endemic or rare. It represents one of the most significant examples of primary tropical forest ecosystems in the world.

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Mixed

• Maloti-Drakensberg Park, Lesotho / South Africa
  UNESCO Reference no. 985
  This park combines spectacular natural beauty with a rich cultural heritage of San rock art.

1999 (23rd session)

The 23rd session of the World Heritage Committee was held in Morocco. A total of 48 new sites were inscribed, comprising 35 cultural, 11 natural, and 2 mixed properties. This session demonstrated UNESCO’s dedication to preserving an extraordinary range of human achievements and natural wonders worldwide.

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Cultural

• Cueva de las Manos, Río Pinturas, Argentina
  UNESCO Reference no. 936
  Famous for its prehistoric rock paintings, this site reveals the lives of hunter-gatherers from over 9,000 years ago.
• City of Graz – Historic Centre and Schloss Eggenberg, Austria
  UNESCO Reference no. 931
  This vibrant city showcases harmonious architectural evolution from Gothic to modern styles.
• Belfries of Belgium and France, Belgium/France
  UNESCO Reference no. 943
  Symbolizing municipal independence, these iconic structures span various architectural styles.
• Historic Centre of the Town of Diamantina, Brazil
  UNESCO Reference no. 890
  This historic town, rooted in the diamond trade, showcases 18th-century colonial architecture nestled within the dramatic Brazilian landscape.
• Dazu Rock Carvings, China
  UNESCO Reference no. 912
  This remarkable collection of cliffside sculptures and inscriptions, dating back as far as the 9th century, showcases an extraordinary synthesis of Buddhist, Confucian, and Taoist influences.
• Viñales Valley, Cuba
  UNESCO Reference no. 840
  A striking cultural landscape defined by traditional agriculture and limestone outcrops.
• Litomyšl Castle, Czech Republic
  UNESCO Reference no. 901
  A Renaissance-style chateau blending exquisite architecture with artistic design.
• Historic Centre of Santa Ana de los Ríos de Cuenca, Ecuador
  UNESCO Reference no. 863
  A beautifully preserved colonial town that reflects Spanish planning adapted to the Andes.
• Bronze Age Burial Site of Sammallahdenmäki, Finland
  UNESCO Reference no. 579
  This archaeological site represents an exceptional example of Bronze Age funerary practices in Scandinavia, with 36 granite burial cairns that provide insights into the spiritual and cultural traditions of the era.
• Jurisdiction of Saint-Emilion, France
  UNESCO Reference no. 932
  Renowned for its historical and viticultural significance, this area highlights the development of wine production in a well-preserved medieval town and its surrounding vineyards, showcasing a unique blend of cultural and natural heritage.
• Museumsinsel (Museum Island), Berlin, Germany
  UNESCO Reference no. 896
  This iconic ensemble of five museums represents the evolution of modern museology, featuring collections that span millennia and architectural styles that reflect cultural and artistic achievements.
• Wartburg Castle, Germany
  UNESCO Reference no. 897
  An exceptional example of a feudal hilltop castle, central to German cultural history.
• Archaeological Sites of Mycenae and Tiryns, Greece
  UNESCO Reference no. 941
  These two archaeological sites are key to understanding the Mycenaean civilization, featuring ruins that showcase advanced engineering and artistic achievements of the Late Bronze Age.
• The Historic Centre (Chorá) with the Monastery of Saint-John the Theologian and the Cave of the Apocalypse on the Island of Pátmos, Greece
  UNESCO Reference no. 942
  This sacred site is linked to the Book of Revelation and features a monastery and a cave that have been places of pilgrimage for centuries, blending religious and architectural significance.
• Hortobágy National Park – the Puszta, Hungary
  UNESCO Reference no. 474
  As Europe’s largest continuous natural grassland, this area preserves the pastoral traditions and biodiversity of the Hungarian Plain, a testament to the harmonious relationship between people and nature.
• Mountain Railways of India
  UNESCO Reference no. 944
  These railways demonstrate engineering excellence in mountain environments, featuring remarkable landscapes and showcasing the innovative development of hill railways during colonial times.
• Villa Adriana (Tivoli), Italy
  UNESCO Reference no. 907
  This archaeological complex, built in the 2nd century AD, was a luxurious retreat for Roman Emperor Hadrian. Combining architectural elements from Greece, Rome, and Egypt, it reflects the sophistication and innovation of ancient Roman engineering and design.
• Shrines and Temples of Nikko, Japan
  UNESCO Reference no. 913
  Located in the scenic forests of Tochigi Prefecture, this site includes the ornately decorated Toshogu Shrine and other significant temples. The ensemble exemplifies traditional Japanese architecture and harmonizes with its natural surroundings.
• Archaeological Monuments Zone of Xochicalco, Mexico
  UNESCO Reference no. 939
  This ancient fortified city reflects a period of political and cultural transformation in Mesoamerica following the fall of Teotihuacan. Its structures, including a ballcourt and solar observatory, demonstrate advanced engineering and astronomy.
• Historic Fortified Town of Campeche, Mexico
  UNESCO Reference no. 895
  A colonial harbor town on the Yucatán Peninsula, Campeche is notable for its well-preserved fortifications built to protect against pirate attacks. The town’s layout and colorful architecture reflect its rich maritime history.
• Droogmakerij de Beemster (Beemster Polder), Netherlands
  UNESCO Reference no. 899
  This 17th-century reclaimed polder represents a remarkable achievement in Dutch hydraulic engineering. Its geometric layout, with canals and roads, demonstrates innovative land-use planning and efficient water management.
• Sukur Cultural Landscape, Nigeria (F)
  UNESCO Reference no. 938
  This cultural landscape showcases the enduring traditions of the Sukur people, with terraced fields, a royal palace, and a unique use of natural resources. It is an outstanding example of an African society’s sustainable interaction with its environment.
• Historic City of Vigan, Philippines
  UNESCO Reference no. 502
  Vigan is a well-preserved example of a European trading town in Asia, featuring a fusion of local and colonial architecture. Its cobblestone streets and historic buildings showcase the influence of Spanish culture in the Philippines.
• Kalwaria Zebrzydowska: the Mannerist Architectural and Park Landscape Complex and Pilgrimage Park, Poland
  UNESCO Reference no. 905
  A spiritual and artistic site demonstrating Counter-Reformation ideals.
• Dacian Fortresses of the Orastie Mountains, Romania
  UNESCO Reference no. 906
  These fortresses, built during the 1st century BC and AD, showcase advanced defensive architecture and strategic ingenuity. They served as the nucleus of the Dacian Kingdom and stand as a testament to the region’s historical and cultural heritage.
• Historic Centre of Sighişoara, Romania
  UNESCO Reference no. 902
  Sighişoara is a prime example of a well-preserved medieval fortified town. Its cobblestone streets, colorful houses, and Clock Tower highlight the region’s Saxon heritage and architectural legacy.
• Wooden Churches of Maramureş, Romania
  UNESCO Reference no. 904
  These eight churches, built between the 17th and 19th centuries, represent a unique form of Orthodox ecclesiastical architecture. Constructed entirely of wood, their intricate craftsmanship and tall spires reflect the Maramureş region’s cultural and religious traditions.
• Brimstone Hill Fortress National Park, Saint Kitts and Nevis
  UNESCO Reference no. 910
  A superb example of British military architecture in the Caribbean, Brimstone Hill Fortress was built by enslaved Africans and stands as a testament to European colonial expansion and defense in the West Indies.
• Fossil Hominid Sites of South Africa, South Africa
  UNESCO Reference no. 915
  Known as the “Cradle of Humankind,” these sites contain some of the world’s most important paleoanthropological discoveries, providing insights into the evolution of humans over millions of years.
• Robben Island, South Africa
  UNESCO Reference no. 916
  Infamous as the prison site for Nelson Mandela and other political prisoners during apartheid, Robben Island symbolizes the triumph of democracy and human rights over oppression.
• San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
  UNESCO Reference no. 929
  A Renaissance-era town in the Canary Islands, San Cristóbal de La Laguna is noted for its layout, which served as a model for many colonial cities in the Americas.
• State Historical and Cultural Park ‘Ancient Merv,’ Turkmenistan
  UNESCO Reference no. 886
  Ancient Merv was a major oasis-city along the Silk Road and one of the most significant centers of Islamic culture during the medieval period. Its extensive ruins reveal layers of civilizations over millennia.
• Heart of Neolithic Orkney, United Kingdom
  UNESCO Reference no. 514
  This site includes several exceptional Neolithic monuments in Scotland, such as Skara Brae, Maeshowe, and the Ring of Brodgar, offering a glimpse into life over 5,000 years ago.
• Hoi An Ancient Town, Vietnam
  UNESCO Reference no. 948
  Hoi An was a major trading port from the 15th to the 19th century, reflecting a fusion of indigenous and foreign influences in its architecture and cultural traditions.
• My Son Sanctuary, Vietnam
  UNESCO Reference no. 949
  A cluster of Hindu temple ruins dedicated to the god Shiva, My Son Sanctuary was a religious and cultural center of the Champa Kingdom between the 4th and 14th centuries.

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Natural

• Península Valdés, Argentina
  UNESCO Reference no. 937
  A key habitat for marine mammals like southern right whales and elephant seals.
• Atlantic Forest South-East Reserves, Brazil
  UNESCO Reference no. 893
  These reserves protect a stunning array of biodiversity within the Atlantic Forest, one of the most threatened biomes in the world.
• Discovery Coast Atlantic Forest Reserves, Brazil
  UNESCO Reference no. 892
  Encompassing pristine remnants of the Atlantic Forest, this site is a critical habitat for endemic species and ecological processes.
• Miguasha National Park, Canada
  UNESCO Reference no. 686
  Renowned for its exceptional fossil record from the Devonian period, this park provides unique insights into the evolutionary history of life on Earth.
• Area de Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica
  UNESCO Reference no. 928
  This extensive conservation area features a remarkable diversity of ecosystems, including dry forests, cloud forests, and coastal-marine habitats, supporting an incredible array of species.
• Desembarco del Granma National Park, Cuba
  UNESCO Reference no. 889
  This park is celebrated for its dramatic marine terraces and cliffs, showcasing geological formations that are key to understanding the tectonic history of the Caribbean region.
• Lorentz National Park, Indonesia
  UNESCO Reference no. 955
  This vast park is the largest protected area in Southeast Asia, featuring a rich array of ecosystems ranging from tropical marine environments to alpine glaciers. It is notable for its biodiversity and as a habitat for rare species, including the tree kangaroo and birds of paradise. The park also has cultural significance, as it is home to indigenous communities preserving traditional lifestyles.
• Puerto-Princesa Subterranean River National Park, Philippines
  UNESCO Reference no. 652
  Renowned for its subterranean river and unique karst formations.
• Laurisilva of Madeira, Portugal
  UNESCO Reference no. 934
  This subtropical laurel forest, covering a significant portion of Madeira Island, is one of the world’s last remnants of such ecosystems. It is home to a diverse array of flora and fauna, including many endemic species, making it a vital ecological treasure.
• Western Caucasus, Russia
  UNESCO Reference no. 900
  The Western Caucasus is one of the few large mountain areas in Europe that has not been significantly altered by human activity. Its pristine landscapes include a remarkable diversity of ecosystems, from subtropical forests to alpine meadows, and it is home to many endemic species of plants and animals.
• iSimangaliso Wetland Park, South Africa
  UNESCO Reference no. 914
  This ecologically diverse site combines coastal dunes, wetlands, and savanna ecosystems.

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Mixed

• Mount Wuyi, China
  UNESCO Reference no. 911
  A site celebrated for its biodiversity, cultural significance, and scenic beauty.
• Ibiza, Biodiversity and Culture, Spain
  UNESCO Reference no. 417
  A rare blend of marine biodiversity and cultural heritage.

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Closing

The inscriptions from the 1999 session emphasize the importance of cultural landmarks, natural habitats, and the harmonious balance between humans and the environment. These 48 sites further UNESCO’s mission to protect and celebrate global heritage for future generations.

1998 (22nd session)

The 22nd session of the World Heritage Committee, held in Japan, recognized 30 new sites, comprising 27 cultural and 3 natural properties. These inscriptions reflect a wide range of human achievements and natural wonders, from the iconic archaeological site of Troy in Turkey to the remote biodiversity-rich New Zealand Sub-Antarctic Islands. The selections underscore the global commitment to safeguarding both cultural heritage and natural environments for future generations.

Cultural Sites

• Semmering Railway
  Reference no. 785
  This railway is a significant milestone in civil engineering and showcases stunning landscapes.
• Flemish Béguinages
  Reference no. 855
  These architectural ensembles reflect the religious and social traditions of the Low Countries.
• La Grand-Place, Brussels
  Reference no. 857
  One of the most beautiful town squares in Europe, showcasing 17th-century architecture.
• The Four Lifts on the Canal du Centre and their Environs, La Louvière and Le Roeulx (Hainaut)
  Reference no. 856
  A testament to the industrial revolution in Belgium and hydraulic engineering.
• Fuerte de Samaipata
  Reference no. 883
  This archaeological site features pre-Columbian rock carvings and ceremonial areas.
• Summer Palace, an Imperial Garden in Beijing
  Reference no. 880
  A masterpiece of Chinese landscape garden design.
• Temple of Heaven: an Imperial Sacrificial Altar in Beijing
  Reference no. 881
  An extraordinary example of Chinese religious architecture and cosmology.
• Choirokoitia
  Reference no. 848
  A well-preserved prehistoric settlement in Cyprus.
• Gardens and Castle at Kroměříž
  Reference no. 860
  A Baroque landscape and cultural monument in the Czech Republic.
• Holašovice Historic Village
  Reference no. 861
  A unique example of a preserved medieval village in Central Europe.
• Historic Site of Lyon
  Reference no. 872
  An important urban and architectural ensemble from various historical periods.
• Routes of Santiago de Compostela in France
  Reference no. 868
  Pilgrimage routes of significant religious and cultural importance.
• Classical Weimar
  Reference no. 846
  The cultural hub of the Enlightenment and home to influential figures like Goethe.
• Archaeological Area and the Patriarchal Basilica of Aquileia
  Reference no. 825
  A significant archaeological site illustrating Roman urban planning.
• Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park with the Archeological Sites of Paestum and Velia, and the Certosa di Padula
  Reference no. 842
  This site combines natural beauty with ancient Greek and Roman remains.
• Historic Centre of Urbino
  Reference no. 828
  A Renaissance city that influenced cultural and artistic development in Europe.
• Historic Monuments of Ancient Nara
  Reference no. 870
  A reflection of Japan’s ancient capital and its spiritual significance.
• Ouadi Qadisha (the Holy Valley) and the Forest of the Cedars of God (Horsh Arz el-Rab)
  Reference no. 850
  A sacred valley and forest with deep religious significance.
• Archaeological Zone of Paquimé, Casas Grandes
  Reference no. 560
  A major cultural and commercial center of the ancient Southwest.
• Historic Monuments Zone of Tlacotalpan
  Reference no. 862
  A port town exemplifying Spanish and Caribbean influences.
• Ir.D.F. Woudagemaal (D.F. Wouda Steam Pumping Station)
  Reference no. 867
  A testament to Dutch hydrological engineering.
• Prehistoric Rock Art Sites in the Côa Valley and Siega Verde
  Reference no. 866
  A collection of Paleolithic rock engravings in Iberia.
• Rock Art of the Mediterranean Basin on the Iberian Peninsula
  Reference no. 874
  A unique insight into prehistoric life through rock carvings.
• University and Historic Precinct of Alcalá de Henares
  Reference no. 876
  A major center for learning during the Renaissance.
• Naval Port of Karlskrona
  Reference no. 871
  A model of a late 17th-century naval base.
• Archaeological Site of Troy
  Reference no. 849
  A legendary site linked to Homer’s Iliad.
• L’viv – the Ensemble of the Historic Centre
  Reference no. 865
  A melting pot of architectural and cultural influences.

Natural Sites

• New Zealand Sub-Antarctic Islands
  Reference no. 877
  A remote ecosystem of global biodiversity significance.
• Golden Mountains of Altai
  Reference no. 768
  An area of remarkable natural beauty and ecological importance.
• East Rennell
  Reference no. 854
  The first natural site in the Pacific to be inscribed on the World Heritage List.

Closing Statement

This session’s diverse inscriptions highlight humanity’s cultural achievements alongside pristine natural environments. The balance between cultural heritage and natural wonders underscores the universal importance of preservation.

1997 (21st Session)

The 21st session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee was hosted in Italy in 1997. A total of 46 sites were inscribed onto the World Heritage List, celebrating 38 cultural sites, 7 natural sites, and 1 mixed site. This year’s selections showcased the breadth of human creativity and the planet’s incredible natural diversity.

Cultural Heritage Sites

• Hallstatt-Dachstein / Salzkammergut Cultural Landscape, Austria
  UNESCO Reference No.: 806
  A remarkable cultural landscape that reflects the history of salt mining over millennia and its influence on the region’s economy and architecture.
• Historic Centre of São Luís, Brazil
  UNESCO Reference No.: 821
  A prime example of Portuguese colonial architecture adapted to the tropical climate.
• Ancient City of Ping Yao, China
  UNESCO Reference No.: 812
  A well-preserved example of a traditional Chinese city during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
• Classical Gardens of Suzhou, China
  UNESCO Reference No.: 813
  A collection of exquisite gardens showcasing the refined aesthetic of Chinese classical garden design.
• Old Town of Lijiang, China
  UNESCO Reference No.: 811
  A vibrant example of a Naxi ethnic minority town, preserving its unique architecture and culture.
• Episcopal Complex of the Euphrasian Basilica in the Historic Centre of Poreč, Croatia
  UNESCO Reference No.: 809
  A masterpiece of early Christian architecture blending classical and Byzantine influences.
• Historic City of Trogir, Croatia
  UNESCO Reference No.: 810
  A stunning example of urban continuity featuring architecture from Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance, and Baroque periods.
• San Pedro de la Roca Castle, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba
  UNESCO Reference No.: 841
  An outstanding example of Spanish-American military architecture.
• Historic Centre (Old Town) of Tallinn, Estonia
  UNESCO Reference No.: 822
  A medieval trading city that retains its original layout and architecture.
• Historic Fortified City of Carcassonne, France
  UNESCO Reference No.: 345
  A beautifully preserved example of medieval fortifications.
• 18th-Century Royal Palace at Caserta with the Park, the Aqueduct of Vanvitelli, and the San Leucio Complex, Italy
  UNESCO Reference No.: 549
  A monumental architectural masterpiece of the Italian Baroque period.
• Archaeological Area of Agrigento, Italy
  UNESCO Reference No.: 831
  Home to one of the greatest collections of ancient Greek temples.
• Archaeological Areas of Pompei, Herculaneum and Torre Annunziata, Italy
  UNESCO Reference No.: 829
  The cities famously preserved under volcanic ash, offering unparalleled insights into Roman life.
• Botanical Garden (Orto Botanico), Padua, Italy
  UNESCO Reference No.: 824
  The world’s oldest academic botanical garden still in its original location, established in 1545, showcasing the history of botanical studies and conservation.
• Costiera Amalfitana, Italy
  UNESCO Reference No.: 830
  A picturesque Mediterranean landscape renowned for its dramatic cliffs and historic towns.
• Cathedral, Torre Civica and Piazza Grande, Modena, Italy
  UNESCO Reference No.: 827
  An outstanding example of Romanesque art, the site reflects the work of two great artists: the architect Lanfranco and the sculptor Wiligelmo.
• Costiera Amalfitana, Italy
  UNESCO Reference No.: 830
  Renowned for its stunning Mediterranean landscape, the Amalfi Coast is a masterpiece of natural beauty interwoven with rich historical and cultural heritage.
• Portovenere, Cinque Terre, and the Islands (Palmaria, Tino and Tinetto), Italy
  UNESCO Reference No.: 826
  This area embodies harmonious interaction between people and nature, with terraced vineyards and charming coastal villages showcasing a unique cultural landscape.
• Residences of the Royal House of Savoy, Italy
  UNESCO Reference No.: 823
  A series of opulent palaces and estates constructed to symbolize the power and influence of the Savoy dynasty during its reign.
• Su Nuraxi di Barumini, Italy
  UNESCO Reference No.: 833
  This archaeological site features a remarkably well-preserved Nuragic complex, providing insights into Sardinia’s prehistoric Nuragic civilization.
• Villa Romana del Casale, Italy
  UNESCO Reference No.: 832
  Famous for its exceptionally detailed Roman mosaics, this luxurious villa showcases the artistic and architectural brilliance of late Roman Empire aristocracy.
• Historic Area of Willemstad, Inner City and Harbour, Curaçao, Netherlands
  UNESCO Reference No.: 819
  A vibrant blend of European and Caribbean influences in urban design and architecture.
• Historic Centre of Riga, Latvia
  UNESCO Reference No.: 852
  A showcase of Art Nouveau architecture and 19th-century wooden buildings.
• Hospicio Cabañas, Guadalajara, Mexico
  UNESCO Reference No.: 815
  Renowned for its stunning neoclassical architecture, this former hospital is adorned with breathtaking murals by the celebrated Mexican artist José Clemente Orozco, making it a cultural and artistic treasure.
• Archaeological Site of Volubilis, Morocco
  UNESCO Reference No.: 836
  An ancient Roman city known for its well-preserved ruins, including intricate mosaics, grand arches, and basilicas, highlighting the area’s historical significance as a center of trade and culture.
• Medina of Tétouan (formerly known as Titawin), Morocco
  UNESCO Reference No.: 837
  A remarkable example of Andalusian-influenced architecture, this medina reflects Morocco’s rich cultural history and urban planning traditions.
• Lumbini, the Birthplace of the Lord Buddha, Nepal
  UNESCO Reference No.: 666
  Revered as the birthplace of Siddhartha Gautama, this sacred site features ancient ruins, the Maya Devi Temple, and monastic zones, attracting pilgrims and visitors worldwide.
• Mill Network at Kinderdijk-Elshout, Netherlands
  UNESCO Reference No.: 818
  A testament to Dutch ingenuity in water management, this complex of 19 windmills demonstrates the evolution of hydraulic technology used to drain and reclaim land.
• Historic Area of Willemstad, Inner City and Harbour, Curaçao, Netherlands
  UNESCO Reference No.: 819
  A vibrant Caribbean port city distinguished by its colorful colonial architecture, blending Dutch and local influences, and its pivotal role in regional trade history.
• Rohtas Fort, Pakistan
  UNESCO Reference No.: 586
  A magnificent example of early Muslim military architecture in South Asia.
• Archaeological Site of Panamá Viejo and Historic District of Panamá, Panama
  UNESCO Reference No.: 790
  A site demonstrating the fusion of Spanish colonial and pre-Hispanic influences.
• Castle of the Teutonic Order in Malbork, Poland
  UNESCO Reference No.: 847
  The world’s largest brick castle, this medieval fortress served as the headquarters of the Teutonic Order, showcasing Gothic architecture and military history.
• Medieval Town of Toruń, Poland
  UNESCO Reference No.: 835
  A well-preserved medieval town renowned for its Gothic buildings, including the birthplace of astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus, reflecting the town’s cultural and historical significance.
• Changdeokgung Palace Complex, South Korea
  UNESCO Reference No.: 816
  A harmonious integration of architecture and natural surroundings.
• Hwaseong Fortress, South Korea
  UNESCO Reference No.: 817
  A late 18th-century fortress that reflects innovative military architecture, blending Eastern and Western engineering techniques to create a harmonious and functional design.
• Las Médulas, Spain
  UNESCO Reference No.: 803
  A historic mining site that showcases ancient Roman hydraulic engineering techniques used to extract gold, resulting in a striking and unique landscape.
• Palau de la Música Catalana and Hospital de Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
  UNESCO Reference No.: 804
  Exceptional examples of Catalan Modernism, these architectural masterpieces are known for their innovative design, vibrant mosaics, and the integration of decorative arts.
• San Millán Yuso and Suso Monasteries, Spain
  UNESCO Reference No.: 805
  Significant for their role in the early development of the Spanish language.
• Dougga / Thugga, Tunisia
  UNESCO Reference No.: 794
  An exceptionally preserved Roman town, showcasing temples, a theater, and intricate mosaics that provide insight into the Roman and pre-Roman history of North Africa.
• Maritime Greenwich, United Kingdom
  UNESCO Reference No.: 795
  A site integral to the history of astronomy and navigation.

Natural Heritage Sites

• Heard and McDonald Islands, Australia
  UNESCO Reference No.: 577
  A pristine sub-Antarctic ecosystem with outstanding geological formations.
• Macquarie Island, Australia
  UNESCO Reference No.: 629
  A unique oceanic island showcasing the meeting point of tectonic plates.
• The Sundarbans, Bangladesh
  UNESCO Reference No.: 798
  A vast mangrove forest, home to the Bengal tiger, renowned for its biodiversity and critical role in coastal protection.
• Cocos Island National Park, Costa Rica
  UNESCO Reference No.: 820
  A marine ecosystem teeming with biodiversity and endangered species.
• Lake Turkana National Parks, Kenya
  UNESCO Reference No.: 801
  A critical site for studying human prehistory and geology.
• Mount Kenya National Park/Natural Forest, Kenya
  UNESCO Reference No.: 800
  Dominated by the majestic peaks of Mount Kenya, this park is a vital ecological zone, offering a unique mix of glaciers, alpine vegetation, and diverse wildlife, alongside significant cultural and spiritual importance.
• Morne Trois Pitons National Park, Dominica
  UNESCO Reference No.: 814
  A striking volcanic landscape with diverse flora and fauna.

Mixed Heritage Sites

• Pyrénées – Mont Perdu, France and Spain
  UNESCO Reference No.: 773
  A spectacular mountain landscape that demonstrates the interaction between human activity and natural ecosystems.

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This session emphasized a rich blend of cultural marvels and natural treasures, from the meticulously preserved Old Town of Lijiang in China to the rugged beauty of Heard and McDonald Islands in Australia. Each site offers a unique narrative about humanity’s past or nature’s grandeur. Which of these sites would you most like to explore?

1996 (20th Session)

The 20th session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, hosted in Mexico in 1996, inscribed 37 new sites onto the World Heritage List. This year’s additions comprised 30 cultural sites, 5 natural sites, and 2 mixed sites, reflecting a diverse celebration of humanity’s architectural achievements and natural wonders.

Cultural Heritage Sites

• Monasteries of Haghpat and Sanahin, Armenia
  UNESCO Reference No.: 777
  Renowned for their Armenian medieval architecture, these monasteries are key cultural and educational centers.
• Historic Centre of the City of Salzburg, Austria
  UNESCO Reference No.: 784
  A masterpiece of baroque architecture, Salzburg is also famed as the birthplace of Mozart.
• Palace and Gardens of Schönbrunn, Austria
  UNESCO Reference No.: 786
  This former imperial summer residence exemplifies European architecture and landscaping of the 18th century.
• Lushan National Park, China
  UNESCO Reference No.: 778
  A picturesque landscape featuring Buddhist, Taoist, and Confucian elements, Lushan has inspired Chinese poets and painters for centuries.
• Lednice–Valtice Cultural Landscape, Czech Republic
  UNESCO Reference No.: 763
  A cultural landscape that merges baroque architecture with natural beauty in South Moravia.
• Verla Groundwood and Board Mill, Finland
  UNESCO Reference No.: 751
  A well-preserved example of rural industrial architecture in Finland.
• Canal du Midi, France
  UNESCO Reference No.: 770
  This 17th-century canal is an engineering marvel, connecting the Mediterranean and Atlantic.
• Upper Svaneti, Georgia
  UNESCO Reference No.: 709
  A remote region known for its medieval defensive tower houses.
• Bauhaus and its Sites in Weimar, Dessau, and Bernau, Germany
  UNESCO Reference No.: 729
  Representing the innovation of modernist architecture and design.
• Cologne Cathedral, Germany
  UNESCO Reference No.: 292
  A Gothic masterpiece and one of Europe’s tallest cathedrals.
• Luther Memorials in Eisleben and Wittenberg, Germany
  UNESCO Reference No.: 783
  Sites connected to the life and work of Martin Luther, central to the Protestant Reformation.
• Archaeological Site of Aigai (modern name Vergina), Greece
  UNESCO Reference No.: 780
  Ancient capital of Macedon, home to the royal tombs, including that of Philip II.
• Millenary Benedictine Abbey of Pannonhalma and its Natural Environment, Hungary
  UNESCO Reference No.: 758
  A spiritual and cultural hub with a thousand-year history.
• Sangiran Early Man Site, Indonesia
  UNESCO Reference No.: 593
  A key site for the study of human evolution, featuring fossils dating back over 1.5 million years.
• Sceilg Mhichíl, Ireland
  UNESCO Reference No.: 757
  A monastic settlement on a rocky island, reflecting early Irish Christianity.
• Castel del Monte, Italy
  UNESCO Reference No.: 398
  A unique medieval structure combining elements of military and classical architecture.
• Early Christian Monuments of Ravenna, Italy
  UNESCO Reference No.: 788
  Renowned for its exquisite mosaics from the early Christian era.
• Historic Centre of the City of Pienza, Italy
  UNESCO Reference No.: 789
  A prime example of Renaissance town planning.
• The Trulli of Alberobello, Italy
  UNESCO Reference No.: 787
  Distinctive limestone dwellings with conical roofs, unique to the Puglia region.
• Hiroshima Peace Memorial (Genbaku Dome), Japan
  UNESCO Reference No.: 775
  Preserved as a symbol of peace and a reminder of the devastation of nuclear warfare.
• Itsukushima Shinto Shrine, Japan
  UNESCO Reference No.: 776
  A shrine set on the picturesque island of Miyajima, famed for its “floating” torii gate.
• Ancient Ksour of Ouadane, Chinguetti, Tichitt, and Oualata, Mauritania
  UNESCO Reference No.: 750
  These ancient trading and religious centers in the Sahara are vital to Islamic history.
• Historic Monuments Zone of Querétaro, Mexico
  UNESCO Reference No.: 792
  A city blending pre-Columbian and Spanish colonial influences.
• Pre-Hispanic Town of Uxmal, Mexico
  UNESCO Reference No.: 791
  A well-preserved example of Mayan Puuc architecture.
• Historic City of Meknes, Morocco
  UNESCO Reference No.: 793
  A fortified imperial city with grand gates and palaces.
• Dutch Water Defence Lines, Netherlands
  UNESCO Reference No.: 759
  A system of dikes and canals exemplifying water-based defense engineering.
• Historic Centre of Oporto, Luiz I Bridge, and Monastery of Serra do Pilar, Portugal
  UNESCO Reference No.: 755
  A riverside cityscape highlighting Portuguese architecture and engineering.
• Historic Walled Town of Cuenca, Spain
  UNESCO Reference No.: 781
  A medieval town famed for its dramatic cliffs and “hanging houses.”
• La Lonja de la Seda de Valencia, Spain
  UNESCO Reference No.: 782
  A Gothic silk exchange, symbolizing Valencia’s economic prosperity.
• Church Town of Gammelstad, Luleå, Sweden
  UNESCO Reference No.: 762
  A well-preserved example of a northern Scandinavian church town.

Natural Heritage Sites

• Belize Barrier Reef Reserve System, Belize
  UNESCO Reference No.: 764
  The largest barrier reef in the Northern Hemisphere, rich in marine biodiversity.
• W-Arly-Pendjari Complex, Benin, Burkina Faso, and Niger
  UNESCO Reference No.: 749
  A transnational protected area hosting West Africa’s largest elephant population.
• Okapi Wildlife Reserve, DR Congo
  UNESCO Reference No.: 718
  A haven for the endangered okapi and other rare species in the Ituri Forest.
• Lake Baikal, Russia
  UNESCO Reference No.: 754
  The world’s deepest freshwater lake, renowned for its unique biodiversity.
• Volcanoes of Kamchatka, Russia
  UNESCO Reference No.: 765
  A spectacular volcanic landscape with diverse ecosystems and geological features.

Mixed Heritage Sites

• Mount Emei Scenic Area, including Leshan Giant Buddha Scenic Area, China
  UNESCO Reference No.: 779
  A sacred Buddhist mountain with stunning natural scenery and the world’s largest stone Buddha.
• Laponian Area, Sweden
  UNESCO Reference No.: 774
  A cultural and natural landscape representing the traditions of the Sámi people and pristine Arctic ecosystems.

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Closing Notes

The 1996 session showcased the harmonious blend of cultural achievements and natural wonders. From the ancient monasteries of Armenia to the Belize Barrier Reef’s vibrant marine life, these sites reflect the diversity and richness of our shared heritage. Which of these sites inspires you the most?

1995 (19th Session)

The 19th session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, held in Germany in 1995, inscribed 29 new sites onto the World Heritage List. This year’s additions included 23 cultural sites and 6 natural sites, reflecting humanity’s architectural achievements and the planet’s ecological treasures.

Cultural Heritage Sites

• Old Town Lunenburg, Canada
  UNESCO Reference No.: 741
  A well-preserved example of a planned British colonial settlement, showcasing a unique wooden architecture.
• Rapa Nui National Park, Chile
  UNESCO Reference No.: 715
  The site of the world-renowned moai statues, created by the Rapa Nui people, reflecting their cultural and spiritual practices.
• Historic Centre of Santa Cruz de Mompox, Colombia
  UNESCO Reference No.: 742
  A significant example of Spanish colonial architecture, preserved along the Magdalena River.
• National Archeological Park of Tierradentro, Colombia
  UNESCO Reference No.: 743
  Home to monumental hypogea and rock carvings created by the ancient Tierradentro culture.
• San Agustín Archaeological Park, Colombia
  UNESCO Reference No.: 744
  Features the largest group of religious monuments and megalithic sculptures in Latin America.
• Kutná Hora: Historical Town Centre with the Church of St Barbara and the Cathedral of Our Lady at Sedlec, Czech Republic
  UNESCO Reference No.: 732
  A medieval town reflecting the prosperity of silver mining and Gothic architecture.
• Roskilde Cathedral, Denmark
  UNESCO Reference No.: 695
  An early Gothic cathedral that became the burial site for Danish monarchs.
• Historic Centre of Avignon: Papal Palace, Episcopal Ensemble and Avignon Bridge, France
  UNESCO Reference No.: 228
  A testament to Avignon’s significance during the 14th century as the seat of the papacy.
• Crespi d’Adda, Italy
  UNESCO Reference No.: 730
  An outstanding example of a 19th-century “company town” built for factory workers.
• Ferrara, City of the Renaissance, and its Po Delta, Italy
  UNESCO Reference No.: 733
  A masterpiece of urban planning and Renaissance architecture.
• Historic Centre of Naples, Italy
  UNESCO Reference No.: 726
  A city with over 2,500 years of history, reflected in its architecture and monuments.
• Historic Centre of Siena, Italy
  UNESCO Reference No.: 717
  A quintessential medieval city known for its Gothic architecture and art.
• Historic Villages of Shirakawa-go and Gokayama, Japan
  UNESCO Reference No.: 734
  Remote villages with distinctive gassho-style thatched-roof houses.
• Town of Luang Prabang, Laos
  UNESCO Reference No.: 479
  A blending of traditional Lao architecture and 19th-century European colonial influences.
• Schokland and Surroundings, Netherlands
  UNESCO Reference No.: 739
  An example of the battle against water in the Netherlands, reflecting its cultural resilience.
• Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras, Philippines
  UNESCO Reference No.: 722
  Ingeniously designed rice terraces built by the Ifugao people, symbolizing harmony with nature.
• Cultural Landscape of Sintra, Portugal
  UNESCO Reference No.: 723
  A Romantic landscape blending gardens, parks, and architectural elements.
• Haeinsa Temple Janggyeong Panjeon, the Depositories for the Tripitaka Koreana Woodblocks, South Korea
  UNESCO Reference No.: 737
  A temple housing the most complete collection of Buddhist texts.
• Jongmyo Shrine, South Korea
  UNESCO Reference No.: 738
  A Confucian shrine dedicated to the spirits of Korea’s Joseon dynasty kings.
• Seokguram Grotto and Bulguksa Temple, South Korea
  UNESCO Reference No.: 736
  An exceptional representation of Korean Buddhist art and architecture.
• Hanseatic Town of Visby, Sweden
  UNESCO Reference No.: 731
  A well-preserved medieval town, a center of the Hanseatic League.
• Old and New Towns of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
  UNESCO Reference No.: 728
  A historic city reflecting architectural and cultural developments over centuries.
• Historic Quarter of the City of Colonia del Sacramento, Uruguay
  UNESCO Reference No.: 747
  A fusion of Portuguese, Spanish, and post-colonial styles in a fortified port settlement.

Natural Heritage Sites

• Messel Pit Fossil Site, Germany
  UNESCO Reference No.: 720
  A site of exceptional paleontological significance, offering insights into the evolution of mammals.
• Caves of Aggtelek Karst and Slovak Karst, Hungary and Slovakia
  UNESCO Reference No.: 725
  A vast karst landscape featuring stunning caves and underground formations.
• Virgin Komi Forests, Russia
  UNESCO Reference No.: 719
  The largest virgin forest in Europe, supporting diverse flora and fauna.
• Gough and Inaccessible Islands, United Kingdom (Tristan da Cunha)
  UNESCO Reference No.: 740
  Remote islands hosting a wealth of bird species, including several endemic varieties.
• Waterton Glacier International Peace Park, Canada and United States
  UNESCO Reference No.: 354
  A transboundary park with stunning landscapes and diverse ecosystems.
• Carlsbad Caverns National Park, United States
  UNESCO Reference No.: 721
  A remarkable network of caves with dramatic limestone formations.

Significance of the 1995 Session

The 1995 session underscored humanity’s architectural ingenuity and cultural traditions, alongside the Earth’s natural beauty. Highlights included the rice terraces in the Philippines, the medieval charm of Edinburgh, and the natural splendor of the Virgin Komi Forests. The session reflected the continuing dedication to preserving both human heritage and ecological wonders.

1994 (18th Session)

The 18th session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, held in Thailand in 1994, inscribed 29 new sites onto the World Heritage List. This year recognized 21 cultural sites and 8 natural sites, highlighting the interconnectedness of human achievements and the natural environment.

Cultural Heritage Sites

• Ancient Building Complex in the Wudang Mountains, China
  UNESCO Reference No.: 705
  A sacred Taoist site with exceptional architectural and artistic accomplishments reflecting Chinese culture and spirituality.
• Historic Ensemble of the Potala Palace, Lhasa, China
  UNESCO Reference No.: 707
  The iconic residence of the Dalai Lama, representing Tibetan Buddhism and political history.
• Mountain Resort and its Outlying Temples, Chengde, China
  UNESCO Reference No.: 703
  A summer retreat for Qing dynasty emperors, blending Chinese, Tibetan, and Mongolian architectural styles.
• Temple and Cemetery of Confucius and the Kong Family Mansion in Qufu, China
  UNESCO Reference No.: 704
  The most significant site dedicated to Confucius, showcasing his enduring cultural influence.
• Pilgrimage Church of St John of Nepomuk at Zelená Hora, Czech Republic
  UNESCO Reference No.: 690
  A Baroque architectural masterpiece by Jan Santini Aichel, blending unique styles and religious symbolism.
• Jelling Mounds, Runic Stones and Church, Denmark
  UNESCO Reference No.: 697
  A key Viking Age monument marking the transition from paganism to Christianity in Denmark.
• Petäjävesi Old Church, Finland
  UNESCO Reference No.: 584
  A wooden church exemplifying traditional Nordic craftsmanship and Lutheran heritage.
• Gelati Monastery, Georgia
  UNESCO Reference No.: 710
  A medieval monastic complex symbolizing the Georgian Golden Age, featuring mosaics and scholarly contributions.
• Historical Monuments of Mtskheta, Georgia
  UNESCO Reference No.: 708
  A spiritual center with ancient churches that played a crucial role in the spread of Christianity in Georgia.
• Collegiate Church, Castle and Old Town of Quedlinburg, Germany
  UNESCO Reference No.: 535
  A well-preserved medieval town showcasing Romanesque architecture and religious heritage.
• Völklingen Ironworks, Germany
  UNESCO Reference No.: 687
  A pioneering 19th-century industrial complex, now a symbol of the Industrial Revolution.
• City of Vicenza and the Palladian Villas of the Veneto, Italy
  UNESCO Reference No.: 712
  A showcase of Andrea Palladio’s influential Renaissance architectural style.
• Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto (Kyoto, Uji and Otsu Cities), Japan
  UNESCO Reference No.: 688
  A collection of historic temples, shrines, and gardens reflecting Japanese culture and aesthetics.
• Vilnius Historic Centre, Lithuania
  UNESCO Reference No.: 541
  A blend of Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque, and Neoclassical architecture in Lithuania’s capital city.
• City of Luxembourg: its Old Quarters and Fortifications, Luxembourg
  UNESCO Reference No.: 699
  A historic city reflecting its strategic significance and architectural evolution over centuries.
• Earliest 16th-Century Monasteries on the Slopes of Popocatepetl, Mexico
  UNESCO Reference No.: 702
  A group of monasteries exemplifying the architectural and cultural influence of early Spanish missionaries.
• Lines and Geoglyphs of Nasca and Palpa, Peru
  UNESCO Reference No.: 700
  A mysterious and monumental series of ancient geoglyphs etched into the Peruvian desert, showcasing the ingenuity and cosmological beliefs of the Nasca culture.
• Church of the Ascension, Kolomenskoye, Russia
  UNESCO Reference No.: 634
  An innovative 16th-century church marking the development of Russian Orthodox architecture.
• Rock Carvings in Tanum, Sweden
  UNESCO Reference No.: 557
  Thousands of petroglyphs depicting Bronze Age life and spirituality.
• Skogskyrkogården, Sweden
  UNESCO Reference No.: 558
  A cemetery blending natural landscapes with modernist architectural principles.
• City of Safranbolu, Turkey
  UNESCO Reference No.: 614
  A well-preserved Ottoman town reflecting the socio-economic and cultural heritage of the region.

Natural Heritage Sites

• Australian Fossil Mammal Sites (Riversleigh / Naracoorte), Australia
  UNESCO Reference No.: 698
  Exceptional fossil sites showcasing the evolution of Australia’s unique mammals.
• Los Katíos National Park, Colombia
  UNESCO Reference No.: 711
  A biodiverse area linking Central and South America, vital for its ecosystems and endemic species.
• Arabian Oryx Sanctuary, Oman
  UNESCO Reference No.: 654
  A conservation area for the endangered Arabian oryx, delisted in 2007 due to habitat loss.
• Doñana National Park, Spain
  UNESCO Reference No.: 685
  A wetland ecosystem critical for migratory birds and biodiversity.
• Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda
  UNESCO Reference No.: 682
  A montane forest known for its rich biodiversity, including mountain gorillas.
• Rwenzori Mountains National Park, Uganda
  UNESCO Reference No.: 684
  A unique alpine area featuring glaciers, waterfalls, and diverse flora and fauna.
• Canaima National Park, Venezuela
  UNESCO Reference No.: 701
  A stunning landscape of table mountains (tepuis), waterfalls, and unique ecosystems.
• Ha Long Bay – Cat Ba Archipelago, Vietnam
  UNESCO Reference No.: 672
  A dramatic karst seascape dotted with limestone islands and rich marine life.

Significance of the 1994 Session

The 1994 session highlighted the breadth of human creativity and the splendor of natural environments. From the architectural ingenuity of Kyoto and Safranbolu to the diverse ecosystems of Ha Long Bay and Bwindi, this year’s inscriptions emphasized the need to preserve both cultural achievements and natural heritage for future generations.

1993 (17th Session)

The 17th session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, held in Colombia in 1993, inscribed 33 new sites onto the World Heritage List. This year’s selections highlighted 29 cultural sites and 4 natural sites, showcasing the diversity of human history and the importance of preserving natural wonders.

Cultural Heritage Sites

• Joya de Cerén Archaeological Site, El Salvador
  UNESCO Reference No.: 675
  Often called the “Pompeii of the Americas,” this site preserves a pre-Columbian village frozen in time by a volcanic eruption.
• Maulbronn Monastery Complex, Germany
  UNESCO Reference No.: 546
  A well-preserved medieval Cistercian monastery exemplifying monastic life and Gothic architecture.
• Town of Bamberg, Germany
  UNESCO Reference No.: 624
  A town with a unique layout that reflects its development as a cultural and intellectual hub in the Middle Ages.
• Humayun’s Tomb, Delhi, India
  UNESCO Reference No.: 232
  A stunning garden tomb and precursor to the Taj Mahal, showcasing Mughal architecture.
• Qutb Minar and its Monuments, Delhi, India
  UNESCO Reference No.: 233
  A complex featuring the world’s tallest brick minaret, marking the beginning of Islamic architecture in India.
• Brú na Bóinne – Archaeological Ensemble of the Bend of the Boyne, Ireland
  UNESCO Reference No.: 659
  A prehistoric site featuring impressive passage tombs, including Newgrange, dating back over 5,000 years.
• The Sassi and the Park of the Rupestrian Churches of Matera, Italy
  UNESCO Reference No.: 670
  An ancient city carved into the limestone, showcasing rock-cut architecture and historical continuity.
• Buddhist Monuments in the Horyu-ji Area, Japan
  UNESCO Reference No.: 660
  A collection of wooden temples that are some of the oldest surviving examples of Japanese architecture.
• Himeji-jo, Japan
  UNESCO Reference No.: 661
  A stunning and well-preserved example of early 17th-century Japanese castle architecture.
• Historic Centre of Zacatecas, Mexico
  UNESCO Reference No.: 676
  A colonial city with Baroque architecture that thrived as a silver mining hub in the 16th and 17th centuries.
• Rock Paintings of the Sierra de San Francisco, Mexico
  UNESCO Reference No.: 714
  A collection of ancient cave paintings depicting the spiritual and daily life of early inhabitants.
• Jesuit Missions of La Santísima Trinidad de Paraná and Jesús de Tavarangue, Paraguay
  UNESCO Reference No.: 648
  Ruins of 17th- and 18th-century Jesuit missions, illustrating the blend of European and Indigenous cultures.
• Baroque Churches of the Philippines
  UNESCO Reference No.: 677
  A group of four Spanish-era churches showcasing a unique blend of European Baroque architecture with local designs.
• Churches of Moldavia, Romania
  UNESCO Reference No.: 598
  A collection of painted churches renowned for their vibrant exterior frescoes depicting biblical stories.
• Monastery of Horezu, Romania
  UNESCO Reference No.: 597
  A masterpiece of Brâncovenesc art and architecture, known for its intricate frescoes and sculptural details.
• Villages with Fortified Churches in Transylvania, Romania
  UNESCO Reference No.: 596
  A series of villages featuring fortified churches, blending medieval architecture with community defense.
• Architectural Ensemble of the Trinity Sergius Lavra in Sergiev Posad, Russia
  UNESCO Reference No.: 657
  A spiritual and cultural center of Russian Orthodoxy featuring iconic blue-domed churches.
• Historic Town of Banská Štiavnica and the Technical Monuments in its Vicinity, Slovakia
  UNESCO Reference No.: 618
  A town that played a pivotal role in medieval mining, reflecting innovative water management systems.
• Levoča, Spišský Hrad and the Associated Cultural Monuments, Slovakia
  UNESCO Reference No.: 620
  A complex of medieval structures, including Spiš Castle, one of the largest in Europe.
• Vlkolínec, Slovakia
  UNESCO Reference No.: 622
  A traditional village representing rural life and wooden architecture in the Carpathian region.
• Archaeological Ensemble of Mérida, Spain
  UNESCO Reference No.: 664
  A city showcasing Roman architecture, including an impressive theater, amphitheater, and aqueduct.
• Routes of Santiago de Compostela: Camino Francés and Routes of Northern Spain, Spain
  UNESCO Reference No.: 669
  Pilgrimage routes leading to Santiago de Compostela, reflecting cultural exchanges across Europe.
• Royal Monastery of Santa María de Guadalupe, Spain
  UNESCO Reference No.: 665
  A symbol of Christian reconquest, featuring a blend of Gothic, Mudéjar, and Renaissance styles.
• Birka and Hovgården, Sweden
  UNESCO Reference No.: 555
  A Viking Age site demonstrating early urbanization and trade in Scandinavia.
• Engelsberg Ironworks, Sweden
  UNESCO Reference No.: 556
  An industrial complex showcasing the evolution of iron production in the 17th and 18th centuries.
• Historic Centre of Bukhara, Uzbekistan
  UNESCO Reference No.: 602
  A medieval city with a collection of mosques, madrasas, and markets representing Islamic culture.
• Coro and its Port, Venezuela
  UNESCO Reference No.: 658
  A city blending Spanish colonial architecture with local Mudéjar elements.
• Complex of Hué Monuments, Vietnam
  UNESCO Reference No.: 678
  The former imperial capital of Vietnam, featuring palaces, temples, and tombs of the Nguyen dynasty.
• Historic Town of Zabid, Yemen
  UNESCO Reference No.: 611
  An important Islamic city and former capital, known for its historic mosques and cultural significance.

Natural Heritage Sites

• Shirakami-Sanchi, Japan
  UNESCO Reference No.: 663
  A pristine forest area featuring ancient beech trees and diverse ecosystems.
• Yakushima, Japan
  UNESCO Reference No.: 662
  A subtropical island with unique biodiversity, including ancient cedar trees.
• Whale Sanctuary of El Vizcaino, Mexico
  UNESCO Reference No.: 554
  A critical breeding and wintering site for gray whales, harbor seals, and other marine species.
• Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park, Philippines
  UNESCO Reference No.: 653
  A marine sanctuary featuring diverse coral reefs and thriving marine life.

Significance of the 1993 Session

The 1993 session reflected the global diversity of cultural and natural heritage, from the ancient ruins of Hué to the pristine ecosystems of Shirakami-Sanchi. This year emphasized the interplay between human history and natural preservation, highlighting the importance of safeguarding these treasures for future generations.

1992 (16th Session)

The 16th session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, held in the United States in 1992, inscribed 20 new sites onto the World Heritage List. This year’s additions included 16 cultural sites and four natural sites, reflecting humanity’s remarkable heritage and the Earth’s natural splendor.

Cultural Heritage Sites

• Butrint, Albania
  UNESCO Reference No.: 570
  An ancient city showcasing layers of Greek, Roman, Byzantine, and Venetian influences, nestled within a picturesque lagoon.
• Kasbah of Algiers, Algeria
  UNESCO Reference No.: 565
  A historic Islamic city with winding streets, ancient mosques, and traditional houses overlooking the Mediterranean.
• Angkor, Cambodia
  UNESCO Reference No.: 668
  A monumental complex of temples, including the iconic Angkor Wat, representing the Khmer Empire’s architectural brilliance.
• Historic Centre of Český Krumlov, Czech Republic
  UNESCO Reference No.: 617
  A beautifully preserved medieval town centered around a Renaissance castle, reflecting centuries of cultural evolution.
• Historic Centre of Prague, Czech Republic
  UNESCO Reference No.: 616
  A historical and architectural marvel, featuring Gothic, Renaissance, and Baroque buildings along the Vltava River.
• Historic Centre of Telč, Czech Republic
  UNESCO Reference No.: 621
  A picturesque town square surrounded by Renaissance and Baroque houses with ornate facades.
• Bourges Cathedral, France
  UNESCO Reference No.: 635
  A masterpiece of French Gothic architecture, adorned with stunning stained glass and intricate sculptures.
• Mines of Rammelsberg, Historic Town of Goslar and Upper Harz Water Management System, Germany
  UNESCO Reference No.: 623
  A site that illustrates the development of mining technology and its impact on medieval society.
• Pythagoreion and Heraion of Samos, Greece
  UNESCO Reference No.: 595
  A sanctuary dedicated to the goddess Hera and an ancient port town linked to the mathematician Pythagoras.
• El Tajin, Pre-Hispanic City, Mexico
  UNESCO Reference No.: 631
  A striking archaeological site known for its unique stepped pyramids and intricate reliefs.
• Old City of Zamość, Poland
  UNESCO Reference No.: 564
  A Renaissance city designed on Italian urban planning principles, blending Polish and European architectural styles.
• Cultural and Historic Ensemble of the Solovetsky Islands, Russia
  UNESCO Reference No.: 632
  A remote archipelago featuring a monastic complex that played a pivotal role in Russia’s religious and political history.
• Historic Monuments of Novgorod and Surroundings, Russia
  UNESCO Reference No.: 604
  A collection of medieval monuments that reflect the cultural and political significance of Novgorod in Russia’s history.
• White Monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal, Russia
  UNESCO Reference No.: 633
  A group of white stone buildings that exemplify early Russian architecture and craftsmanship.
• Ban Chiang Archaeological Site, Thailand
  UNESCO Reference No.: 575
  An important prehistoric settlement that provides insight into early agricultural and metallurgical practices in Southeast Asia.
• Taos Pueblo, United States
  UNESCO Reference No.: 492
  A living Native American community showcasing adobe architecture and cultural traditions dating back over a thousand years.

Natural Heritage Sites

• K’gari (Fraser Island), Australia
  UNESCO Reference No.: 630
  The largest sand island in the world, featuring unique rainforests, freshwater lakes, and diverse wildlife.
• Huanglong Scenic and Historic Interest Area, China
  UNESCO Reference No.: 638
  A stunning landscape of limestone terraces, colorful pools, and snow-capped peaks.
• Jiuzhaigou Valley Scenic and Historic Interest Area, China
  UNESCO Reference No.: 637
  Renowned for its crystal-clear lakes, cascading waterfalls, and diverse ecosystems.
• Wulingyuan Scenic and Historic Interest Area, China
  UNESCO Reference No.: 640
  A breathtaking natural site with towering sandstone pillars and lush vegetation.

Significance of the 1992 Session

The 1992 session underscored the importance of preserving humanity’s cultural legacy alongside natural marvels. Sites like Angkor and Český Krumlov highlight the ingenuity of past civilizations, while natural wonders such as Jiuzhaigou Valley and K’gari emphasize the need to protect Earth’s ecological treasures for future generations.

1991 (15th Session)

The 15th session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, held in Tunisia in 1991, inscribed 22 new sites onto the World Heritage List. This year’s additions included 16 cultural sites and six natural sites, highlighting a remarkable tapestry of human achievement and natural wonder.

Cultural Heritage Sites

• Historic City of Sucre, Bolivia
  UNESCO Reference No.: 566
  Bolivia’s constitutional capital, celebrated for its well-preserved colonial architecture and rich history.
• Serra da Capivara National Park, Brazil
  UNESCO Reference No.: 606
  Renowned for its rock shelters containing one of the oldest concentrations of prehistoric art in the Americas.
• Fortress of Suomenlinna, Finland
  UNESCO Reference No.: 583
  A historical sea fortress built in the 18th century on a group of islands, showcasing Finland’s strategic heritage.
• Old Rauma, Finland
  UNESCO Reference No.: 582
  An outstanding example of a Nordic wooden town, preserved in its original state.
• Cathedral of Notre-Dame, Former Abbey of Saint-Remi and Palace of Tau, Reims, France
  UNESCO Reference No.: 601
  A historic ensemble central to the French monarchy, known for its Gothic architecture and coronation ceremonies.
• Paris, Banks of the Seine, France
  UNESCO Reference No.: 600
  An iconic urban landscape that reflects centuries of architectural and cultural development.
• Abbey and Altenmünster of Lorsch, Germany
  UNESCO Reference No.: 515
  A masterpiece of Carolingian architecture and art, embodying early medieval Europe.
• Borobudur Temple Compounds, Indonesia
  UNESCO Reference No.: 592
  A grand Buddhist temple complex, showcasing intricate carvings and religious significance.
• Prambanan Temple Compounds, Indonesia
  UNESCO Reference No.: 642
  A Hindu temple complex dedicated to Shiva, remarkable for its towering structures and reliefs.
• Historic Centre of Morelia, Mexico
  UNESCO Reference No.: 585
  A showcase of 16th-century Spanish urban planning and architectural elegance.
• Island of Mozambique, Mozambique
  UNESCO Reference No.: 599
  A historic trading post and former capital, blending African, Arab, and European influences.
• Poblet Monastery, Spain
  UNESCO Reference No.: 518
  A well-preserved Cistercian monastery, representing monastic life and architectural refinement.
• Rangiri Dambulla Cave Temple, Sri Lanka
  UNESCO Reference No.: 561
  A sacred pilgrimage site with exquisite Buddhist murals and statues.
• Royal Domain of Drottningholm, Sweden
  UNESCO Reference No.: 559
  A 17th-century palace and park complex, serving as a royal residence and cultural landmark.
• Historic City of Ayutthaya, Thailand
  UNESCO Reference No.: 576
  The former capital of the Ayutthaya Kingdom, showcasing grand ruins of palaces and temples.
• Historic Town of Sukhothai and Associated Historic Towns, Thailand
  UNESCO Reference No.: 574
  A reflection of early Thai civilization, featuring ancient monuments and urban planning.

Natural Heritage Sites

• Shark Bay, Western Australia, Australia
  UNESCO Reference No.: 578
  A unique marine ecosystem with seagrass beds, stromatolites, and diverse wildlife.
• Komodo National Park, Indonesia
  UNESCO Reference No.: 609
  Famous for its Komodo dragons, this park also boasts a vibrant marine ecosystem.
• Ujung Kulon National Park, Indonesia
  UNESCO Reference No.: 608
  Home to the critically endangered Javan rhinoceros and diverse tropical forests.
• Air and Ténéré Natural Reserves, Niger
  UNESCO Reference No.: 573
  A vast desert landscape of exceptional biodiversity and geological features.
• Danube Delta, Romania
  UNESCO Reference No.: 588
  Europe’s largest wetland and a vital bird habitat, showcasing the delta’s unique ecosystems.
• Thungyai-Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuaries, Thailand
  UNESCO Reference No.: 591
  A sanctuary with exceptional biodiversity, including rare and endangered species.

Significance of the 1991 Session

This session celebrated the intersection of human ingenuity and the natural world. From the cultural vibrancy of Sucre and Ayutthaya to the unspoiled beauty of Shark Bay and the Danube Delta, these inscriptions emphasize the importance of preserving the world’s shared heritage for future generations.

1990 (14th Session)

The 14th session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, held in Canada in 1990, inscribed 16 sites onto the World Heritage List. This year’s selection included 11 cultural sites, two natural sites, and three mixed sites, emphasizing the rich interplay of human history and natural landscapes.

Cultural Heritage Sites

• Jesuit Missions of the Chiquitos, Bolivia
  UNESCO Reference No.: 529
  A remarkable series of churches and settlements reflecting the blend of European and Indigenous cultural traditions.
• Colonial City of Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
  UNESCO Reference No.: 526
  The first permanent European settlement in the Americas, featuring the oldest cathedral and other colonial-era landmarks.
• Palaces and Parks of Potsdam and Berlin, Germany
  UNESCO Reference No.: 532
  A testament to the artistic and architectural achievements of the Prussian kings, showcasing magnificent palaces and landscapes.
• Delos, Greece
  UNESCO Reference No.: 530
  A sacred island of ancient Greece, rich with archaeological treasures and mythological significance.
• Monasteries of Daphni, Hosios Loukas and Nea Moni of Chios, Greece
  UNESCO Reference No.: 537
  A trio of Byzantine monasteries noted for their stunning mosaics and architectural harmony.
• Historic Centre of San Gimignano, Italy
  UNESCO Reference No.: 550
  Renowned for its medieval towers, this town preserves its unique urban fabric and cultural legacy.
• Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments, Russia
  UNESCO Reference No.: 540
  A masterpiece of urban planning and architecture, Saint Petersburg represents Russia’s cultural heart.
• Kizhi Pogost, Russia
  UNESCO Reference No.: 544
  A historic site featuring extraordinary wooden churches and traditional Russian architecture.
• Kremlin and Red Square, Moscow, Russia
  UNESCO Reference No.: 545
  Iconic symbols of Russian history and culture, with monumental architecture and deep historical significance.
• Kyiv: Saint-Sophia Cathedral and Related Monastic Buildings, Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra, Ukraine
  UNESCO Reference No.: 527
  A center of Orthodox Christianity, known for its stunning mosaics, frescoes, and monastic heritage.
• Itchan Kala, Uzbekistan
  UNESCO Reference No.: 543
  The inner town of Khiva, a well-preserved example of Islamic architecture in Central Asia.

Mixed Heritage Sites

• Mount Huangshan, China
  UNESCO Reference No.: 547
  A stunning mountain range celebrated for its natural beauty and its influence on Chinese art and literature.
• Tongariro National Park, New Zealand
  UNESCO Reference No.: 421
  A sacred Māori site and a natural landscape of volcanic peaks, showcasing cultural and ecological significance.
• Río Abiseo National Park, Peru
  UNESCO Reference No.: 548
  A unique combination of cultural and natural heritage, with pre-Columbian archaeological sites set in a pristine rainforest.

Natural Heritage Sites

• Andrefana Dry Forests, Madagascar
  UNESCO Reference No.: 494
  A vital habitat for diverse species, showcasing Madagascar’s extraordinary biodiversity.
• Te Wahipounamu – South West New Zealand
  UNESCO Reference No.: 551
  A breathtaking region of fjords, rainforests, and glacial landscapes in New Zealand’s South Island.

Significance of the 1990 Session

The 1990 session underscored the importance of preserving diverse cultural legacies and unique natural environments. From the ancient monasteries of Greece to the dramatic peaks of New Zealand, these inscriptions highlight humanity’s deep connections with the natural world and the enduring value of cultural heritage.

1989 (13th Session)

The 13th session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, held in France in 1989, inscribed seven sites onto the World Heritage List. This year’s selections included four cultural sites, two natural sites, and one mixed site, showcasing the diversity of human history and the majesty of natural landscapes.

Cultural Heritage Sites

• Archaeological Site of Mystras, Greece
  UNESCO Reference No.: 511
  The ruins of Mystras, a Byzantine fortress-town, stand as a testament to the artistic and cultural achievements of the late Byzantine Empire.
• Archaeological Site of Olympia, Greece
  UNESCO Reference No.: 517
  The birthplace of the Olympic Games, Olympia is a historic site adorned with ancient temples, sanctuaries, and athletic facilities.
• Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi, India
  UNESCO Reference No.: 524
  Sanchi features a remarkable collection of Buddhist art and architecture, including stupas, monolithic pillars, and sculptural reliefs.
• Monastery of Alcobaça, Portugal
  UNESCO Reference No.: 505
  This Cistercian monastery, with its Gothic architecture and historical significance, symbolizes the religious and cultural heritage of Portugal.

Mixed Heritage Site

• Cliff of Bandiagara (Land of the Dogons), Mali
  UNESCO Reference No.: 516
  A dramatic escarpment rich in cultural traditions and ecological diversity, the site is home to the Dogon people and their unique architectural and spiritual practices.

Natural Heritage Sites

• Banc d’Arguin National Park, Mauritania
  UNESCO Reference No.: 506
  This park, with its extensive coastal wetlands, is a critical habitat for migratory birds and marine life.
• Mosi-oa-Tunya / Victoria Falls, Zambia and Zimbabwe
  UNESCO Reference No.: 509
  One of the world’s most spectacular waterfalls, Victoria Falls is a natural wonder shared by Zambia and Zimbabwe, surrounded by lush ecosystems.

Significance of the 1989 Session

The 1989 session highlighted the interplay between human creativity and nature’s grandeur. Sites like Mystras and Sanchi exemplify cultural innovation, while natural marvels like Victoria Falls remind us of the need to preserve Earth’s treasures for future generations.

1988 (12th Session)

The 12th session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee took place in Brazil in 1988, highlighting 27 new sites, including 19 cultural, 5 natural, and 3 mixed. This year’s selections showcased humanity’s architectural, spiritual, and historical achievements while celebrating the planet’s extraordinary biodiversity.

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Cultural Heritage Sites

• Trinidad and the Valley de los Ingenios, Cuba
  UNESCO Reference No.: 460
  A living museum of Spanish colonial architecture and sugar industry history, this site reflects Cuba’s 19th-century prosperity.
• Strasbourg, Grande-Île and Neustadt, France
  UNESCO Reference No.: 495
  A unique blend of French and German architectural styles, this site epitomizes the cultural dialogue of Europe.
• Medieval City of Rhodes, Greece
  UNESCO Reference No.: 493
  A fortified medieval city blending Gothic and Ottoman influences, reflecting its history as a key trading hub.
• Paleochristian and Byzantine Monuments of Thessalonika, Greece
  UNESCO Reference No.: 456
  A collection of religious monuments showcasing early Christian and Byzantine art and architecture.
• Sanctuary of Asklepios at Epidaurus, Greece
  UNESCO Reference No.: 491
  A masterpiece of Greek architecture and a renowned healing center of the ancient world.
• Old Towns of Djenné, Mali
  UNESCO Reference No.: 116
  A vibrant center of commerce and Islamic scholarship, featuring traditional mud-brick architecture.
• Timbuktu, Mali
  UNESCO Reference No.: 119
  A historic center of Islamic learning and trade in the Sahara Desert.
• Historic Town of Guanajuato and Adjacent Mines, Mexico
  UNESCO Reference No.: 482
  A picturesque town reflecting Mexico’s silver-mining boom of the 18th century.
• Pre-Hispanic City of Chichen-Itza, Mexico
  UNESCO Reference No.: 483
  A remarkable Maya city with iconic structures like El Castillo and the Temple of the Warriors.
• Archaeological Sites of Bat, Al-Khutm and Al-Ayn, Oman
  UNESCO Reference No.: 434
  Exceptional Bronze Age settlements and burial sites showcasing early human ingenuity.
• Historic Centre of Lima, Peru
  UNESCO Reference No.: 500
  A vibrant historic district reflecting the blending of Spanish colonial and indigenous cultures.
• Old City of Salamanca, Spain
  UNESCO Reference No.: 381
  A celebrated university town with a wealth of Renaissance and Baroque architecture.
• Old Town of Galle and its Fortifications, Sri Lanka
  UNESCO Reference No.: 451
  A well-preserved colonial town showcasing Portuguese and Dutch influences.
• Sacred City of Kandy, Sri Lanka
  UNESCO Reference No.: 450
  A cultural and religious center, home to the revered Temple of the Tooth Relic.
• Kairouan, Tunisia
  UNESCO Reference No.: 499
  A major center of Islamic culture and architecture, known for its Great Mosque.
• Medina of Sousse, Tunisia
  UNESCO Reference No.: 498
  A historic medina with a blend of Islamic and Mediterranean influences.
• Xanthos–Letoon, Turkey
  UNESCO Reference No.: 484
  The ancient cities of Xanthos and Letoon, showcasing the unique Lycian culture, offer a blend of Hellenistic and Roman architectural heritage amidst a dramatic natural setting.
• Canterbury Cathedral, St Augustine’s Abbey, and St Martin’s Church, United Kingdom
  UNESCO Reference No.: 496
  An iconic site of Christian worship and pilgrimage, integral to England’s religious history.
• Tower of London, United Kingdom
  UNESCO Reference No.: 488
  A historic fortress symbolizing British history, from Norman conquest to modern monarchy.

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Natural Heritage Sites

• Wet Tropics of Queensland, Australia
  UNESCO Reference No.: 486
  A diverse rainforest ecosystem, home to ancient plant species and unique wildlife.
• Manovo-Gounda St Floris National Park, Central African Republic
  UNESCO Reference No.: 475
  A rich savanna ecosystem hosting endangered species like black rhinoceroses and elephants.
• Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks, India
  UNESCO Reference No.: 335
  A stunning Himalayan landscape with exceptional biodiversity and cultural significance.
• Sinharaja Forest Reserve, Sri Lanka
  UNESCO Reference No.: 405
  A tropical rainforest with high endemism, crucial for ecological research and conservation.
• Henderson Island, United Kingdom (Pitcairn Islands)
  UNESCO Reference No.: 487
  A remote island with an intact ecosystem, hosting unique plant and bird species.

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Mixed Heritage Sites

• Meteora, Greece
  UNESCO Reference No.: 455
  A dramatic landscape of rock pillars topped with ancient monasteries, blending nature and spirituality.
• Mount Athos, Greece
  UNESCO Reference No.: 454
  A spiritual and natural sanctuary, home to Orthodox Christian monasteries and rich biodiversity.
• Hierapolis–Pamukkale, Turkey
  UNESCO Reference No.: 485
  A natural wonder of thermal terraces alongside an ancient Greco-Roman city.

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Legacy of the 1988 Session

The 1988 session emphasized the diversity of humanity’s cultural achievements and the planet’s ecological wonders. From the natural splendor of the Wet Tropics of Queensland to the historic grandeur of the Tower of London, these sites underline the importance of preserving both human history and Earth’s biodiversity. Which site from this list inspires you most?

1987 (11th Session)

The 11th session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee was held in France in 1987, resulting in the inscription of 41 new sites onto the World Heritage List. This year showcased 32 cultural sites, 7 natural sites, and 2 mixed sites, highlighting the richness of human ingenuity and the splendor of natural landscapes.

Cultural Heritage Sites

• City of Potosí, Bolivia
  UNESCO Reference No.: 420
  Once the world’s largest industrial complex during the 16th century, Potosí epitomizes the Spanish colonial empire’s wealth and technological advances in silver mining.
• Brasilia, Brazil
  UNESCO Reference No.: 445
  A modernist masterpiece designed by Oscar Niemeyer and Lúcio Costa, Brasilia is a pioneering example of urban planning.
• Imperial Palaces of the Ming and Qing Dynasties in Beijing and Shenyang, China
  UNESCO Reference No.: 439
  These palaces represent the architectural grandeur and political power of the Ming and Qing dynasties.
• Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor, China
  UNESCO Reference No.: 441
  Famous for its Terracotta Army, this site provides unparalleled insight into China’s early imperial history.
• Mogao Caves, China
  UNESCO Reference No.: 440
  A treasure trove of Buddhist art, these caves document cultural exchanges along the Silk Road.
• Peking Man Site at Zhoukoudian, China
  UNESCO Reference No.: 449
  This site contains fossil remains of Homo erectus, offering invaluable insights into early human evolution and culture.
• The Great Wall, China
  UNESCO Reference No.: 438
  A monumental feat of engineering, the Great Wall symbolized China’s defense strategies and cultural identity.
• Hanseatic City of Lübeck, Germany
  UNESCO Reference No.: 272
  Recognized as the first city in northern Europe to be entirely constructed of brick, Lübeck reflects the architecture and influence of the Hanseatic League.
• Frontiers of the Roman Empire, Germany and the United Kingdom
  UNESCO Reference No.: 430
  These sites include the Limes in Germany and Hadrian’s Wall in the United Kingdom, marking the boundaries of the Roman Empire and showcasing the advanced engineering and military organization of the Romans.
• Acropolis, Athens, Greece
  UNESCO Reference No.: 404
  A symbol of ancient Greek civilization, the Acropolis is home to iconic monuments like the Parthenon.
• Archaeological Site of Delphi, Greece
  UNESCO Reference No.: 393
  Regarded as the center of the ancient world, Delphi was a major site for the worship of Apollo.
• Budapest, including the Banks of the Danube, the Buda Castle Quarter and Andrássy Avenue, Hungary
  UNESCO Reference No.: 400
  This historic urban landscape captures Hungary’s rich cultural and architectural heritage.
• Old Village of Hollókő and its Surroundings, Hungary
  UNESCO Reference No.: 401
  A living example of rural traditions, Hollókő preserves its vernacular architecture and way of life.
• Elephanta Caves, India
  UNESCO Reference No.: 244
  These rock-cut caves, dedicated to the Hindu god Shiva, are a testament to India’s artistic heritage.
• Great Living Chola Temples, India
  UNESCO Reference No.: 250
  These temples, built by the Chola dynasty, are masterpieces of Dravidian architecture and sculpture, demonstrating the cultural and artistic achievements of medieval India.
• Group of Monuments at Pattadakal, India
  UNESCO Reference No.: 239
  A harmonious blend of Dravidian and Nagara architectural styles, Pattadakal celebrates India’s temple-building traditions.
• Piazza del Duomo, Pisa, Italy
  UNESCO Reference No.: 395
  Known for the Leaning Tower, this piazza is a striking example of Romanesque architecture.
• Venice and its Lagoon, Italy
  UNESCO Reference No.: 394
  A unique city built on water, Venice is a masterpiece of urban planning and architecture.
• Historic Centre of Mexico City and Xochimilco, Mexico
  UNESCO Reference No.: 412
  This site reflects Mexico’s colonial history and pre-Hispanic traditions.
• Historic Centre of Oaxaca and Archaeological Site of Monte Albán, Mexico
  UNESCO Reference No.: 415
  This site showcases the Zapotec civilization and the Spanish colonial influence.
• Historic Centre of Puebla, Mexico
  UNESCO Reference No.: 416
  Known for its stunning colonial architecture, Puebla’s historic center showcases a fusion of European and indigenous styles, with its iconic tiled buildings and richly adorned churches.
• Pre-Hispanic City and National Park of Palenque, Mexico
  UNESCO Reference No.: 411
  Palenque is celebrated for its sophisticated Mayan architecture and art.
• Pre-Hispanic City of Teotihuacan, Mexico
  UNESCO Reference No.: 414
  Once one of the largest cities in the ancient world, Teotihuacan is renowned for its monumental pyramids, including the Pyramid of the Sun and the Pyramid of the Moon, as well as its rich cultural and religious significance.
• Ksar of Ait-Ben-Haddou, Morocco
  UNESCO Reference No.: 444
  This earthen village represents the cultural exchange along ancient caravan routes.
• Bahla Fort, Oman
  UNESCO Reference No.: 433
  An impressive example of oasis settlement architecture, Bahla Fort is a sprawling complex that includes a fortress, traditional markets, and a mosque, embodying the ingenuity of the Banu Nabhan tribe.
• Cathedral, Alcázar and Archivo de Indias in Seville, Spain
  UNESCO Reference No.: 383
  These landmarks symbolize Spain’s Golden Age of exploration and trade.
• Nemrut Dağ, Turkey
  UNESCO Reference No.: 448
  A remarkable archaeological site, Nemrut Dağ features colossal statues from the Hellenistic period.
• Blenheim Palace, United Kingdom
  UNESCO Reference No.: 425
  An outstanding example of 18th-century Baroque architecture, this palace was the birthplace of Winston Churchill.
• City of Bath, United Kingdom
  UNESCO Reference No.: 428
  Celebrated for its Roman-built baths and Georgian architecture, the City of Bath is a harmonious blend of historical eras, showcasing its development as a spa town over centuries.
• Palace of Westminster and Westminster Abbey including Saint Margaret’s Church, United Kingdom
  UNESCO Reference No.: 426
  This site is a symbol of Britain’s political and religious history.
• Chaco Culture, United States
  UNESCO Reference No.: 353
  A monumental expression of the architectural and cultural achievements of the ancestral Puebloan people, Chaco Culture features remarkable great houses, ceremonial kivas, and an intricate road system in the high desert of New Mexico.
• Monticello and the University of Virginia in Charlottesville, United States
  UNESCO Reference No.: 442
  Designed by Thomas Jefferson, this site reflects his vision of American architecture.

Natural Heritage Sites

• Dja Faunal Reserve, Cameroon
  UNESCO Reference No.: 407
  This rainforest reserve harbors diverse wildlife, including gorillas and chimpanzees.
• Gros Morne National Park, Canada
  UNESCO Reference No.: 419
  A geological wonder, this park offers insights into Earth’s tectonic history.
• Sundarbans National Park, India
  UNESCO Reference No.: 452
  This natural wonder, home to the iconic Bengal tiger, represents the largest tidal halophytic mangrove forest in the world, renowned for its unique biodiversity and ecological significance.
• Sian Ka’an, Mexico
  UNESCO Reference No.: 410
  This biosphere reserve features tropical forests, mangroves, and rich biodiversity.
• Manú National Park, Peru
  UNESCO Reference No.: 402
  A biodiversity hotspot, this park is home to numerous endemic species.
• Kilimanjaro National Park, Tanzania
  UNESCO Reference No.: 403
  Dominated by Africa’s highest peak, this park boasts stunning natural landscapes.
• Hawai’i Volcanoes National Park, United States
  UNESCO Reference No.: 409
  A living showcase of volcanic activity, this park on the Big Island of Hawai’i features Mauna Loa and Kīlauea, two of the world’s most active volcanoes, offering insights into the Earth’s geological processes and a rich array of endemic species.

Mixed Heritage Sites

• Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park, Australia
  UNESCO Reference No.: 447
  A sacred site for the Anangu people, this park features dramatic geological formations and cultural significance.
• Mount Taishan, China
  UNESCO Reference No.: 437
  A sacred mountain in China, Mount Taishan combines cultural and natural elements, symbolizing harmony between humans and nature.

Closing Reflections

The 1987 inscriptions illustrate the diversity of cultural achievements and natural beauty worldwide. From China’s iconic Great Wall to Peru’s pristine Manú National Park, these sites remind us of the importance of preserving our shared heritage. Which site from 1987 would you most like to visit?

1986 (10th Session)

The 10th session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, hosted in France in 1986, inscribed 29 new sites onto the World Heritage List. This year highlighted 23 cultural sites, 5 natural sites, and 1 mixed site, showcasing humanity’s artistic achievements and the Earth’s stunning natural landscapes.

Cultural Heritage Sites

• Roman Monuments, Cathedral of St Peter and Church of Our Lady in Trier, Germany
  UNESCO Reference No.: 367
  Ancient Roman structures and impressive ecclesiastical buildings reflecting a millennium of European history.
• Temple of Apollo Epicurius at Bassae, Greece
  UNESCO Reference No.: 392
  A remarkable temple blending Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian elements, situated in a remote mountain setting.
• Churches and Convents of Goa, India
  UNESCO Reference No.: 234
  A legacy of Portuguese colonial rule, featuring a unique blend of Indian and European architectural styles.
• Fatehpur Sikri, India
  UNESCO Reference No.: 255
  A Mughal-era city showcasing the architectural genius of Emperor Akbar.
• Group of Monuments at Hampi, India
  UNESCO Reference No.: 241
  The remains of the Vijayanagara Empire, featuring extraordinary temples and urban structures.
• Khajuraho Group of Monuments, India
  UNESCO Reference No.: 240
  Famous for intricately carved temples depicting themes of spirituality and human relationships.
• Old Town of Ghadamès, Libya
  UNESCO Reference No.: 362
  A desert settlement with unique earthen architecture designed to provide protection against extreme climates.
• Chan Chan Archaeological Zone, Peru
  UNESCO Reference No.: 366
  The largest adobe city in the Americas, reflecting the achievements of the ancient Chimú civilization.
• Historic Centre of Évora, Portugal
  UNESCO Reference No.: 361
  A well-preserved example of a historic Portuguese city blending Roman, Gothic, and Manueline influences.
• Studenica Monastery, Serbia
  UNESCO Reference No.: 389
  A Serbian Orthodox monastery renowned for its exquisite frescoes and architectural design.
• Historic City of Toledo, Spain
  UNESCO Reference No.: 379
  A city showcasing a fusion of Christian, Muslim, and Jewish cultures over centuries.
• Mudejar Architecture of Aragon, Spain
  UNESCO Reference No.: 378
  Unique architectural styles combining Islamic and Christian influences in medieval Spain.
• Old Town of Cáceres, Spain
  UNESCO Reference No.: 384
  A historic city blending Roman, Islamic, and Renaissance architecture.
• Ancient City of Aleppo, Syria
  UNESCO Reference No.: 21
  One of the oldest continuously inhabited cities, reflecting centuries of trade and cultural exchange.
• Hattusha: the Hittite Capital, Turkey
  UNESCO Reference No.: 377
  The ruins of the ancient Hittite capital, featuring fortifications and religious structures.
• Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd, United Kingdom
  UNESCO Reference No.: 374
  An exceptional example of medieval military architecture by Edward I.
• Durham Castle and Cathedral, United Kingdom
  UNESCO Reference No.: 370
  A symbol of Norman power and a masterpiece of Romanesque architecture.
• Ironbridge Gorge, United Kingdom
  UNESCO Reference No.: 371
  The birthplace of the Industrial Revolution, featuring the first iron bridge in the world.
• Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites, United Kingdom
  UNESCO Reference No.: 373
  Prehistoric monuments symbolizing ancient rituals and astronomical alignments.
• Studley Royal Park including the Ruins of Fountains Abbey, United Kingdom
  UNESCO Reference No.: 372
  A historic parkland featuring the dramatic ruins of a Cistercian abbey.
• Old City of Sanaa, Yemen
  UNESCO Reference No.: 385
  A historic Islamic city with unique multi-story mud-brick buildings and richly decorated facades.
• Great Zimbabwe National Monument, Zimbabwe
  UNESCO Reference No.: 364
  The largest stone complex in sub-Saharan Africa, showcasing the ingenuity of the Shona civilization.
• Khami Ruins National Monument, Zimbabwe
  UNESCO Reference No.: 365
  A successor to Great Zimbabwe, featuring terraced stone walls and evidence of trade networks.

Natural Heritage Sites

• Gondwana Rainforests of Australia
  UNESCO Reference No.: 368
  Ancient rainforests containing rare and endangered plants and animals.
• Iguaçu National Park, Brazil
  UNESCO Reference No.: 355
  Home to one of the world’s most spectacular waterfalls and rich biodiversity.
• Škocjan Caves, Slovenia
  UNESCO Reference No.: 390
  A remarkable karst cave system with underground rivers and dramatic rock formations.
• Garajonay National Park, Spain
  UNESCO Reference No.: 380
  A lush laurel forest preserving a prehistoric ecosystem in the Canary Islands.
• Giant’s Causeway and Causeway Coast, United Kingdom
  UNESCO Reference No.: 369
  A natural wonder of interlocking basalt columns formed by ancient volcanic activity.

Mixed Heritage Sites

• St Kilda, United Kingdom
  UNESCO Reference No.: 387
  A remote archipelago showcasing unique ecological and cultural features, including seabird colonies and abandoned settlements.

Significance of the 1986 Session

This session highlighted the delicate balance between cultural achievements and the natural world. Iconic sites like Stonehenge and the Giant’s Causeway underscored humanity’s connection to the Earth, while places like Chan Chan and Great Zimbabwe revealed the diversity of human ingenuity across continents. The session reflected UNESCO’s commitment to preserving the shared heritage of our planet.

1985 (9th Session)

The 9th session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, hosted in France in 1985, saw the addition of 30 new sites to the World Heritage List. This session highlighted 25 cultural sites, 4 natural sites, and 1 mixed site, emphasizing the intricate connections between human ingenuity and natural beauty.

Cultural Heritage Sites

• Historic Mosque City of Bagerhat, Bangladesh
  UNESCO Reference No.: 321
  A unique medieval city known for its 15th-century mosques and Islamic architecture.
• Ruins of the Buddhist Vihara at Paharpur, Bangladesh
  UNESCO Reference No.: 322
  A monumental Buddhist monastic complex reflecting the artistic and intellectual traditions of ancient Bengal.
• Royal Palaces of Abomey, Benin
  UNESCO Reference No.: 323
  The political and cultural center of the Dahomey Kingdom, showcasing remarkable earthen architecture.
• Historic Centre of Salvador de Bahia, Brazil
  UNESCO Reference No.: 309
  A vibrant historic district blending African, European, and Amerindian influences.
• Sanctuary of Bom Jesus do Congonhas, Brazil
  UNESCO Reference No.: 334
  A remarkable example of Brazilian baroque art, featuring sculptural masterpieces by Aleijadinho.
• Thracian Tomb of Sveshtari, Bulgaria
  UNESCO Reference No.: 359
  A richly decorated tomb revealing the spiritual and cultural practices of the ancient Thracians.
• Historic District of Old Québec, Canada
  UNESCO Reference No.: 300
  A well-preserved colonial town with a unique blend of French and British architectural styles.
• Painted Churches in the Troodos Region, Cyprus
  UNESCO Reference No.: 351
  A collection of Byzantine churches adorned with exquisite frescoes spanning centuries.
• Pont du Gard (Roman Aqueduct), France
  UNESCO Reference No.: 344
  An iconic Roman aqueduct showcasing ancient engineering and artistic brilliance.
• St Mary’s Cathedral and St Michael’s Church at Hildesheim, Germany
  UNESCO Reference No.: 187
  Exceptional examples of early Romanesque art and architecture in Europe.
• Hatra, Iraq
  UNESCO Reference No.: 277
  A Parthian city with well-preserved temples and fortifications, blending Eastern and Western influences.
• Petra, Jordan
  UNESCO Reference No.: 326
  A breathtaking archaeological site carved into rose-red cliffs, showcasing the Nabatean civilization.
• Quseir Amra, Jordan
  UNESCO Reference No.: 327
  A desert castle adorned with exquisite frescoes and reflecting early Islamic art.
• Rock-Art Sites of Tadrart Acacus, Libya
  UNESCO Reference No.: 287
  A vast desert region featuring prehistoric rock art depicting early human life and culture.
• Medina of Marrakesh, Morocco
  UNESCO Reference No.: 331
  A historic city blending Islamic architecture, vibrant markets, and cultural traditions.
• Rock Art of Alta, Norway
  UNESCO Reference No.: 352
  Thousands of prehistoric carvings offering insights into the life and beliefs of Arctic hunter-gatherers.
• Chavín (Archaeological Site), Peru
  UNESCO Reference No.: 330
  An ancient ceremonial center representing a key cultural and religious hub of the Andean region.
• Cave of Altamira and Paleolithic Cave Art of Northern Spain, Spain
  UNESCO Reference No.: 310
  A prehistoric art gallery featuring extraordinary depictions of animals and human life.
• Monuments of Oviedo and the Kingdom of the Asturias, Spain
  UNESCO Reference No.: 312
  Early medieval churches symbolizing the cultural achievements of the Christian kingdom in northern Spain.
• Old Town of Ávila with its Extra-Muros Churches, Spain
  UNESCO Reference No.: 348
  A walled city preserving its medieval character and significant Romanesque architecture.
• Old Town of Segovia and its Aqueduct, Spain
  UNESCO Reference No.: 311
  A historic town featuring a well-preserved Roman aqueduct and Gothic cathedral.
• Santiago de Compostela (Old Town), Spain
  UNESCO Reference No.: 347
  A famous pilgrimage site and symbol of Christian tradition in Europe.
• Punic Town of Kerkuane and its Necropolis, Tunisia
  UNESCO Reference No.: 332
  The only surviving example of a Phoenician-Punic city, showcasing unique town planning.
• Great Mosque and Hospital of Divriği, Turkey
  UNESCO Reference No.: 358
  A masterpiece of Islamic architecture, known for its intricate stone carvings.
• Historic Areas of Istanbul, Turkey
  UNESCO Reference No.: 356
  A vibrant city blending Byzantine and Ottoman architecture, reflecting its rich history.

Natural Heritage Sites

• Kaziranga National Park, India
  UNESCO Reference No.: 337
  A sanctuary for the one-horned rhinoceros, featuring diverse flora and fauna.
• Keoladeo National Park, India
  UNESCO Reference No.: 340
  A wetland reserve and bird sanctuary, home to numerous migratory bird species.
• Manas Wildlife Sanctuary, India
  UNESCO Reference No.: 338
  A biodiversity hotspot protecting endangered species such as the Bengal tiger and pygmy hog.
• Huascarán National Park, Peru
  UNESCO Reference No.: 333
  A stunning Andean region with towering peaks, glaciers, and endemic wildlife.

Mixed Heritage Sites

• Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia, Turkey
  UNESCO Reference No.: 357
  A surreal landscape of volcanic formations, cave dwellings, and Byzantine churches.

Significance of the 1985 Session

The 1985 session of the World Heritage Committee showcased humanity’s profound cultural achievements and the planet’s natural wonders. Iconic sites like Petra and the Medina of Marrakesh captured the imagination, while areas such as Kaziranga National Park emphasized the importance of conserving biodiversity. Each site added to the list highlights the diverse heritage shared by our global community.

1984 (8th Session)

The 8th session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, hosted in Argentina in 1984, inscribed 22 new sites onto the World Heritage List. This year highlighted 15 cultural sites and 7 natural sites, showcasing the beauty of human achievement alongside the wonders of nature.

Cultural Heritage Sites

• Port, Fortresses, and Group of Monuments, Cartagena, Colombia
  UNESCO Reference No.: 285
  A stunning ensemble of military and civilian architecture, this site reflects the colonial era’s strategic importance in the Caribbean.
• Castles of Augustusburg and Falkenlust at Brühl, Germany
  UNESCO Reference No.: 288
  These 18th-century palaces demonstrate exceptional Baroque and Rococo architecture.
• Vatican City, Holy See
  UNESCO Reference No.: 286
  The spiritual center of the Catholic Church, featuring St. Peter’s Basilica and the Sistine Chapel, adorned with Michelangelo’s masterpieces.
• Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram, India
  UNESCO Reference No.: 249
  Carved out of rock in the 7th and 8th centuries, this collection of temples and sculptures showcases Dravidian architecture.
• Sun Temple, Konârak, India
  UNESCO Reference No.: 246
  A 13th-century temple dedicated to the sun god, featuring intricate carvings depicting mythological narratives.
• Anjar, Lebanon
  UNESCO Reference No.: 293
  A rare example of an Umayyad city, offering a glimpse into early Islamic urban planning.
• Baalbek, Lebanon
  UNESCO Reference No.: 294
  Known for its colossal Roman temple ruins, including the Temple of Jupiter, showcasing ancient grandeur.
• Byblos, Lebanon
  UNESCO Reference No.: 295
  One of the oldest continuously inhabited cities, rich in archaeological remains from multiple civilizations.
• Tyre, Lebanon
  UNESCO Reference No.: 299
  A Phoenician city with remarkable ruins, including a Roman necropolis and aqueduct.
• Alhambra, Generalife, and Albayzín, Granada, Spain
  UNESCO Reference No.: 314
  A symbol of Moorish Spain, blending Islamic and Christian architectural elements.
• Burgos Cathedral, Spain
  UNESCO Reference No.: 316
  An outstanding Gothic cathedral noted for its grand architecture and religious significance.
• Historic Centre of Cordoba, Spain
  UNESCO Reference No.: 313
  Renowned for its Great Mosque and blend of Islamic, Christian, and Jewish influences.
• Monastery and Site of the Escurial, Madrid, Spain
  UNESCO Reference No.: 318
  A royal monastery representing Spanish Renaissance art and architecture.
• Works of Antoni Gaudí, Spain
  UNESCO Reference No.: 320
  A collection of buildings showcasing Gaudí’s unique, nature-inspired architectural style.
• Statue of Liberty, United States
  UNESCO Reference No.: 307
  An enduring symbol of freedom and democracy, gifted by France to the United States in 1886.

Natural Heritage Sites

• Iguazu National Park, Argentina
  UNESCO Reference No.: 303
  Home to the spectacular Iguazu Falls, surrounded by lush subtropical rainforest.
• Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks, Canada
  UNESCO Reference No.: 304
  A breathtaking expanse of mountains, glaciers, and alpine meadows.
• Salonga National Park, DR Congo
  UNESCO Reference No.: 280
  The largest tropical rainforest reserve in Africa, protecting diverse wildlife.
• Lake Malawi National Park, Malawi
  UNESCO Reference No.: 289
  A pristine freshwater ecosystem, hosting unique fish species and stunning landscapes.
• Chitwan National Park, Nepal
  UNESCO Reference No.: 284
  A haven for endangered species, including Bengal tigers and one-horned rhinoceroses.
• Yosemite National Park, United States
  UNESCO Reference No.: 308
  A natural masterpiece of towering granite cliffs, waterfalls, and ancient sequoias.
• Mana Pools National Park, Sapi, and Chewore Safari Areas, Zimbabwe
  UNESCO Reference No.: 302
  An untouched wilderness along the Zambezi River, known for its biodiversity.

Significance of the 1984 Session

This session celebrated sites of extraordinary cultural and natural significance, from Lebanon’s ancient ruins to the awe-inspiring landscapes of Yosemite and Iguazu. It underscored UNESCO’s commitment to preserving the diversity of our shared heritage for future generations.

1983 (7th Session)

The 7th session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee was held in Italy in 1983, recognizing 29 new sites. These included 19 cultural sites, 9 natural sites, and 1 mixed site. The additions reflect the diverse cultural and natural heritage of humanity, spanning ancient architecture, breathtaking landscapes, and innovative conservation achievements.

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Cultural Heritage Sites

• Jesuit Missions of the Guaranis: San Ignacio Mini, Santa Ana, Nuestra Señora de Loreto and Santa Maria Mayor (Argentina), Ruins of São Miguel das Missões (Brazil)
  UNESCO Reference No.: 275
  These missions reflect the remarkable cultural exchange and architectural achievements of the Guarani people and Jesuit missionaries.
• Ancient City of Nessebar, Bulgaria
  UNESCO Reference No.: 217
  A Black Sea town with a history stretching back more than 3,000 years, showcasing a blend of Thracian, Greek, and Byzantine influences.
• Rila Monastery, Bulgaria
  UNESCO Reference No.: 216
  An emblem of Bulgarian cultural and spiritual heritage, renowned for its stunning frescoes and architectural significance.
• Srebarna Nature Reserve, Bulgaria
  UNESCO Reference No.: 219
  A freshwater lake and wetland habitat of international importance, home to many rare and migratory bird species.
• Abbey Church of Saint-Savin sur Gartempe, France
  UNESCO Reference No.: 230
  Known as the “Romanesque Sistine Chapel,” this church features magnificent 11th- and 12th-century frescoes.
• Place Stanislas, Place de la Carrière and Place d’Alliance in Nancy, France
  UNESCO Reference No.: 229
  A superb example of classical French town planning and 18th-century architectural elegance.
• Pilgrimage Church of Wies, Germany
  UNESCO Reference No.: 271
  A Rococo masterpiece nestled in the Bavarian Alps, celebrated for its ornate interior design and spiritual atmosphere.
• Agra Fort, India
  UNESCO Reference No.: 251
  A majestic red sandstone fortress that served as the primary residence of Mughal emperors.
• Ajanta Caves, India
  UNESCO Reference No.: 242
  A series of 30 rock-cut Buddhist cave monuments dating back to the 2nd century BCE, these caves are celebrated for their exquisite paintings and sculptures, depicting the life and teachings of Buddha.
• Ellora Caves, India
  UNESCO Reference No.: 243
  A remarkable complex of Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain rock-cut temples, showcasing ancient Indian craftsmanship.
• Taj Mahal, India
  UNESCO Reference No.: 252
  A symbol of eternal love and Mughal artistry, this white marble mausoleum is a global icon of beauty.
• City of Cuzco, Peru
  UNESCO Reference No.: 273
  Once the capital of the Inca Empire, Cuzco displays an extraordinary fusion of indigenous and colonial architecture.
• Central Zone of the Town of Angra do Heroismo in the Azores, Portugal
  UNESCO Reference No.: 206
  A pivotal Atlantic port that reflects the maritime history and urban planning of the 15th and 16th centuries.
• Convent of Christ in Tomar, Portugal
  UNESCO Reference No.: 265
  A former stronghold of the Knights Templar, this convent is an architectural jewel blending Gothic, Manueline, and Renaissance styles.
• Monastery of Batalha, Portugal
  UNESCO Reference No.: 264
  A masterpiece of Gothic architecture built to commemorate the Portuguese victory in the Battle of Aljubarrota.
• Monastery of the Hieronymites and Tower of Belém in Lisbon, Portugal
  UNESCO Reference No.: 263
  Iconic examples of Manueline architecture, these structures commemorate Portugal’s Age of Discovery and stand as enduring symbols of the country’s maritime achievements.
• Abbey of St Gall, Switzerland
  UNESCO Reference No.: 268
  An outstanding example of a Carolingian-era monastery, renowned for its library and medieval manuscripts.
• Benedictine Convent of St John at Müstair, Switzerland
  UNESCO Reference No.: 269
  A well-preserved Carolingian monastery complex, the convent features remarkable frescoes and architectural elements that reflect early medieval Christian art and spirituality.
• Old City of Berne, Switzerland
  UNESCO Reference No.: 267
  A well-preserved medieval city with charming arcades and 15th-century fountains.
• La Fortaleza and San Juan National Historic Site in Puerto Rico, United States
  UNESCO Reference No.: 266
  A testament to the island’s strategic importance, these fortifications highlight the Spanish colonial military architecture.

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Natural Heritage Sites

• Pirin National Park, Bulgaria
  UNESCO Reference No.: 225
  A stunning alpine park with glacial lakes, ancient forests, and diverse endemic flora and fauna.
• Wood Buffalo National Park, Canada
  UNESCO Reference No.: 256
  One of the largest national parks in the world, it preserves a significant boreal plains ecosystem and is home to the world’s largest herd of free-roaming bison.
• Talamanca Range–La Amistad Reserves / La Amistad National Park, Costa Rica and Panama
  UNESCO Reference No.: 205
  This transboundary site boasts remarkable biodiversity, spanning tropical rainforests, cloud forests, and high-altitude ecosystems. It serves as a critical corridor for wildlife and a sanctuary for many endemic species.
• Comoé National Park, Côte d’Ivoire
  UNESCO Reference No.: 227
  One of West Africa’s largest protected areas, this park features diverse habitats, including savannahs, forests, and wetlands, supporting a rich array of wildlife, including chimpanzees, leopards, and pygmy hippos.
• Sangay National Park, Ecuador
  UNESCO Reference No.: 260
  A biodiversity hotspot featuring active volcanoes, cloud forests, and rare species like the mountain tapir.
• Gulf of Porto: Calanche of Piana, Gulf of Girolata, Scandola Reserve, France
  UNESCO Reference No.: 258
  A stunning coastal region of Corsica, this site is renowned for its dramatic cliffs, unique rock formations, and pristine marine biodiversity, highlighting the harmony between natural beauty and ecological preservation.
• Vallée de Mai Nature Reserve, Seychelles
  UNESCO Reference No.: 261
  A pristine palm forest, home to the rare coco de mer and unique bird species like the Seychelles black parrot.
• Great Smoky Mountains National Park, United States
  UNESCO Reference No.: 259
  Renowned for its mist-covered mountains and extraordinary biodiversity, this park is a haven for wildlife and plant species.

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Mixed Heritage Sites

• Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu, Peru
  UNESCO Reference No.: 274
  This iconic site blends Incan architectural ingenuity with a stunning Andean landscape, symbolizing the harmonious relationship between humans and nature.

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The 1983 session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee celebrated cultural treasures, breathtaking natural landscapes, and the symbiotic relationship between humanity and the environment.

1982 (6th Session)

The 6th session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee was held in France in 1982, during which 24 sites were inscribed onto the World Heritage List. These included 17 cultural sites, 5 natural sites, and 2 mixed sites, highlighting the global diversity of cultural heritage and natural wonders.

Cultural Heritage Sites

• Djémila, Algeria
  UNESCO Reference No.: 191
  An exceptional Roman city, Djémila features well-preserved ruins showcasing Roman urban planning and architectural grandeur, including basilicas, temples, and triumphal arches.
• M’Zab Valley, Algeria
  UNESCO Reference No.: 188
  A remarkable example of a traditional human settlement adapted to its desert environment, this valley houses ancient fortified towns with unique Islamic architecture.
• Timgad, Algeria
  UNESCO Reference No.: 194
  Known as the “Pompeii of North Africa,” Timgad is a stunningly preserved Roman colonial town featuring an orthogonal street layout and monumental structures.
• Tipasa, Algeria
  UNESCO Reference No.: 193
  A site blending Phoenician, Roman, Byzantine, and early Christian influences, Tipasa showcases a unique mix of cultures through its archaeological remains.
• Historic Centre of the Town of Olinda, Brazil
  UNESCO Reference No.: 189
  A vibrant town rich in Baroque architecture, Olinda reflects Brazil’s colonial past with its churches, convents, and colorful houses.
• Old Havana and its Fortification System, Cuba
  UNESCO Reference No.: 204
  A masterpiece of colonial urban planning, Old Havana is surrounded by impressive fortifications and boasts stunning plazas, cathedrals, and cobbled streets.
• From the Great Saltworks of Salins-les-Bains to the Royal Saltworks of Arc-et-Senans, France
  UNESCO Reference No.: 203
  These historic salt production sites showcase the evolution of industry and innovative architecture from the 18th century.
• National History Park – Citadel, Sans Souci, Ramiers, Haiti
  UNESCO Reference No.: 180
  A symbol of Haiti’s independence, this park features the monumental Citadel, the Sans Souci Palace, and other historical structures.
• Historic Centre of Florence, Italy
  UNESCO Reference No.: 174
  A cradle of the Renaissance, Florence is celebrated for its stunning architecture, art, and cultural significance, including landmarks like the Duomo and Ponte Vecchio.
• Archaeological Site of Cyrene, Libya
  UNESCO Reference No.: 190
  An ancient Greek colony and later Roman city, Cyrene’s ruins reveal a fascinating blend of cultures through its temples, theaters, and necropolises.
• Archaeological Site of Leptis Magna, Libya
  UNESCO Reference No.: 183
  One of the best-preserved Roman cities, Leptis Magna boasts grandiose ruins, including a triumphal arch, a basilica, and a theater.
• Archaeological Site of Sabratha, Libya
  UNESCO Reference No.: 184
  A Punic trading post turned Roman city, Sabratha features striking Roman ruins overlooking the Mediterranean Sea.
• Ancient City of Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka
  UNESCO Reference No.: 201
  Once a thriving medieval capital, Polonnaruwa’s ruins include majestic stupas, palaces, and irrigation systems.
• Ancient City of Sigiriya, Sri Lanka
  UNESCO Reference No.: 202
  Dominated by the iconic Lion Rock, Sigiriya is renowned for its ancient frescoes and sophisticated water gardens.
• Sacred City of Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka
  UNESCO Reference No.: 200
  A center of Buddhist worship, Anuradhapura features stupas, monasteries, and ancient reservoirs showcasing advanced hydraulic engineering.
• Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site, United States
  UNESCO Reference No.: 198
  The largest pre-Columbian settlement north of Mexico, Cahokia includes monumental earth mounds reflecting complex societal organization.
• Old Walled City of Shibam, Yemen
  UNESCO Reference No.: 192
  Often called the “Manhattan of the Desert,” Shibam is a fortified city known for its distinctive mudbrick high-rise buildings.

Natural Heritage Sites

• Lord Howe Island Group, Australia
  UNESCO Reference No.: 186
  A pristine marine ecosystem, Lord Howe Island boasts exceptional biodiversity, including rare bird and plant species.
• Taï National Park, Côte d’Ivoire
  UNESCO Reference No.: 195
  One of the last major remnants of West Africa’s tropical rainforest, Taï is home to diverse wildlife, including pygmy hippos and chimpanzees.
• Río Plátano Biosphere Reserve, Honduras
  UNESCO Reference No.: 196
  A vast tropical rainforest featuring diverse flora and fauna, as well as evidence of ancient human habitation.
• Aldabra Atoll, Seychelles
  UNESCO Reference No.: 185
  A remote coral atoll hosting the largest population of giant tortoises, Aldabra is an ecological treasure.
• Selous Game Reserve, Tanzania
  UNESCO Reference No.: 199
  One of the largest faunal reserves in Africa, Selous boasts a wealth of wildlife, including elephants, rhinos, and hippos.

Mixed Heritage Sites

• Tassili n’Ajjer, Algeria
  UNESCO Reference No.: 179
  A vast plateau with extraordinary prehistoric rock art, Tassili n’Ajjer also features unique geological formations and desert ecosystems.
• Tasmanian Wilderness, Australia
  UNESCO Reference No.: 181
  Encompassing rugged mountains and ancient forests, this wilderness area is a haven for rare and endemic species.

1981 (5th Session)

The 5th session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee took place in Australia in 1981. A total of 26 sites were inscribed, including 15 cultural sites, 9 natural sites, and 2 mixed sites. This year’s selections showcased a balance of cultural milestones and natural wonders from across the globe.

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Cultural Heritage Sites

• Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump, Canada
  UNESCO Reference No.: 158
  A prehistoric hunting ground that reflects the ingenuity of the plains Indian peoples.
• SG̱ang Gwaay, Canada
  UNESCO Reference No.: 157
  A village site with well-preserved Haida totem poles and longhouses on Haida Gwaii.
• Amiens Cathedral, France
  UNESCO Reference No.: 162
  A masterpiece of Gothic architecture, renowned for its size and detailed sculptures.
• Arles, Roman and Romanesque Monuments, France
  UNESCO Reference No.: 164
  An impressive collection of Roman and Romanesque monuments reflecting the city’s rich history.
• Cistercian Abbey of Fontenay, France
  UNESCO Reference No.: 165
  A well-preserved example of early Cistercian architecture in a peaceful forest setting.
• Palace and Park of Fontainebleau, France
  UNESCO Reference No.: 160
  A royal residence used by French monarchs, surrounded by a stunning park and gardens.
• Roman Theatre and its Surroundings and the ‘Triumphal Arch’ of Orange, France
  UNESCO Reference No.: 163
  One of the best-preserved Roman theaters in Europe, with a richly decorated triumphal arch.
• Speyer Cathedral, Germany
  UNESCO Reference No.: 168
  A Romanesque cathedral that served as the burial place of Holy Roman Emperors.
• Würzburg Residence with the Court Gardens and Residence Square, Germany
  UNESCO Reference No.: 169
  A Baroque palace celebrated for its grand staircase and Tiepolo frescoes.
• Archaeological Park and Ruins of Quirigua, Guatemala
  UNESCO Reference No.: 149
  An ancient Maya city with elaborately carved stelae and altars.
• Old City of Jerusalem and its Walls, Jerusalem
  UNESCO Reference No.: 148
  A city sacred to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, with a rich history and significant landmarks.
• Medina of Fez, Morocco
  UNESCO Reference No.: 170
  A medieval Islamic city with winding streets, madrasas, and traditional craft workshops.
• Fort and Shalamar Gardens in Lahore, Pakistan
  UNESCO Reference No.: 171
  Mughal architectural masterpieces that highlight the grandeur of Lahore’s history.
• Historical Monuments at Makli, Thatta
  UNESCO Reference No.: 143
  One of the largest necropolises in the world, this site in Pakistan features a stunning blend of Islamic and Hindu architectural styles. Dating from the 14th to 18th centuries, it includes elaborately decorated tombs and mausoleums that reflect the region’s rich cultural and historical legacy.
• Ruins of Kilwa Kisiwani and Ruins of Songo Mnara, Tanzania
  UNESCO Reference No.: 144
  Important trading ports that were once part of the Swahili Coast’s maritime network.

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Natural Heritage Sites

• Los Glaciares National Park, Argentina
  UNESCO Reference No.: 145
  A breathtaking landscape of glaciers, mountains, and lakes in the Patagonian Andes.
• Great Barrier Reef, Australia
  UNESCO Reference No.: 154
  The world’s largest coral reef system, home to diverse marine life and vibrant coral ecosystems.
• Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve, Côte d’Ivoire/Guinea
  UNESCO Reference No.: 155
  A biologically rich mountain range with endemic species and unique landscapes.
• Darien National Park, Panama
  UNESCO Reference No.: 159
  A tropical rainforest teeming with biodiversity and indigenous cultures.
• Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary, Senegal
  UNESCO Reference No.: 25
  A vital wetland area that serves as a habitat for millions of migratory birds.
• Niokolo-Koba National Park, Senegal
  UNESCO Reference No.: 153
  A vast savannah and forest ecosystem home to rare and endangered species.
• Serengeti National Park, Tanzania
  UNESCO Reference No.: 156
  Renowned for its annual wildebeest migration and diverse wildlife populations.
• Mammoth Cave National Park, United States
  UNESCO Reference No.: 150
  The world’s longest cave system, with unique geological formations and ecosystems.
• Olympic National Park, United States
  UNESCO Reference No.: 151
  A diverse wilderness with rainforests, alpine areas, and a rugged coastline.

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Mixed Heritage Sites

• Kakadu National Park, Australia
  UNESCO Reference No.: 147
  A natural and cultural treasure featuring Aboriginal rock art and diverse ecosystems.
• Willandra Lakes Region, Australia
  UNESCO Reference No.: 167
  A landscape of fossilized lakes and ancient human remains, offering insights into early human life.

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The 1981 inscriptions reflect humanity’s cultural ingenuity and the beauty of the natural world. From the historic cityscapes of Fez and Jerusalem to the unparalleled biodiversity of the Serengeti and the Great Barrier Reef, this year’s selections showcase the value of preservation for future generations.

1980 (4th Session)

The 4th session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee was hosted in France in 1980. A total of 27 new sites were added to the World Heritage List, comprising 22 cultural sites and 5 natural sites. These inscriptions highlight the diverse heritage of humanity, ranging from ancient civilizations to stunning natural landscapes.

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Cultural Heritage Sites

• Al Qal’a of Beni Hammad, Algeria
  UNESCO Reference No.: 102
  The ruins of a fortified Muslim city, showcasing the splendor of the Hammadid dynasty.
• Historic Town of Ouro Preto, Brazil
  UNESCO Reference No.: 124
  A remarkable colonial mining town with Baroque architecture and gold-filled churches.
• Paphos, Cyprus
  UNESCO Reference No.: 79
  Renowned for its ancient ruins, including mosaics depicting Greek mythology.
• Aksum, Ethiopia
  UNESCO Reference No.: 15
  An archaeological site with obelisks, tombs, and the remnants of the Aksumite Empire.
• Lower Valley of the Awash, Ethiopia
  UNESCO Reference No.: 10
  A region rich in paleoanthropological finds, including the famous “Lucy” fossil.
• Lower Valley of the Omo, Ethiopia
  UNESCO Reference No.: 17
  A significant site for the study of human evolution, containing fossils spanning millions of years.
• Tiya, Ethiopia
  UNESCO Reference No.: 12
  A mysterious archaeological site with megalithic monuments and burial markers.
• Asante Traditional Buildings, Ghana
  UNESCO Reference No.: 35
  A collection of shrines demonstrating the cultural and spiritual traditions of the Asante people.
• Historic Centre of Rome, the Properties of the Holy See, Italy
  UNESCO Reference No.: 91
  A testament to the cultural and artistic legacy of Ancient Rome and the Renaissance.
• Maya Site of Copán, Honduras
  UNESCO Reference No.: 129
  A major center of Mayan civilization with intricate sculptures and hieroglyphics.
• Church and Dominican Convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie, Italy
  UNESCO Reference No.: 93
  Home to Leonardo da Vinci’s masterpiece, “The Last Supper.”
• City of Valletta, Malta
  UNESCO Reference No.: 131
  A fortified city with exceptional architecture and historical significance.
• Ħal Saflieni Hypogeum, Malta
  UNESCO Reference No.: 130
  An underground prehistoric burial site showcasing remarkable craftsmanship.
• Megalithic Temples of Malta
  UNESCO Reference No.: 132
  Some of the oldest freestanding stone structures in the world.
• Røros Mining Town and the Circumference, Norway
  UNESCO Reference No.: 55
  A well-preserved mining town reflecting traditional Norwegian wooden architecture.
• Archaeological Ruins at Moenjodaro, Pakistan
  UNESCO Reference No.: 138
  The remnants of one of the world’s earliest urban centers, part of the Indus Valley Civilization.
• Buddhist Ruins of Takht-i-Bahi and Neighbouring City Remains, Pakistan
  UNESCO Reference No.: 140
  A monastic complex reflecting the early development of Buddhism.
• Taxila, Pakistan
  UNESCO Reference No.: 139
  An ancient center of learning and a crossroad of cultures.
• Fortifications on the Caribbean Side of Panama: Portobelo-San Lorenzo, Panama
  UNESCO Reference No.: 135
  Strategic military fortifications from the Spanish colonial era.
• Historic Centre of Warsaw, Poland
  UNESCO Reference No.: 30
  A meticulously reconstructed city symbolizing Poland’s resilience and cultural heritage.
• Ancient City of Bosra, Syria
  UNESCO Reference No.: 22
  A city known for its Roman theater and role in early Islamic history.
• Site of Palmyra, Syria
  UNESCO Reference No.: 23
  A vast archaeological site showcasing the cultural blend of the Roman Empire and local traditions.

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Natural Heritage Sites

• Garamba National Park, DR Congo
  UNESCO Reference No.: 136
  A diverse ecosystem that is home to rare species like the northern white rhinoceros.
• Kahuzi-Biega National Park, DR Congo
  UNESCO Reference No.: 137
  A region of unique biodiversity, including the endangered eastern lowland gorilla.
• Durmitor National Park, Montenegro
  UNESCO Reference No.: 100
  A rugged landscape of canyons, rivers, and glacial lakes in the Dinaric Alps.
• Ichkeul National Park, Tunisia
  UNESCO Reference No.: 8
  A vital wetland ecosystem and migratory bird sanctuary.
• Redwood National and State Parks, United States
  UNESCO Reference No.: 134
  A majestic forest containing some of the tallest trees on Earth.

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This session celebrated the breadth of humanity’s cultural achievements alongside the importance of preserving Earth’s natural wonders. From the urban centers of ancient empires to breathtaking natural landscapes, the 1980 inscriptions highlight the interconnectedness of culture and nature.

1979 (3rd Session)

The 3rd session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, held in Egypt in 1979, inscribed 45 sites onto the World Heritage List. This landmark session added 34 cultural sites, 8 natural sites, and 3 mixed sites, further showcasing humanity’s rich legacy and the Earth’s natural splendor.

Cultural Heritage Sites

• Boyana Church, Bulgaria
  UNESCO Reference No.: 42
  A medieval Orthodox church renowned for its 13th-century frescoes, among the most complete and well-preserved in Europe.
• Madara Rider, Bulgaria
  UNESCO Reference No.: 43
  A unique rock relief from the early medieval period depicting a majestic horseman.
• Rock-Hewn Churches of Ivanovo, Bulgaria
  UNESCO Reference No.: 45
  A network of monasteries and churches carved into rock cliffs, adorned with exquisite frescoes.
• Thracian Tomb of Kazanlak, Bulgaria
  UNESCO Reference No.: 44
  A burial site with remarkable murals illustrating Thracian beliefs about the afterlife.
• Historical Complex of Split with the Palace of Diocletian, Croatia
  UNESCO Reference No.: 97
  A Roman palace transformed into a vibrant city core, blending ancient and medieval architecture.
• Old City of Dubrovnik, Croatia
  UNESCO Reference No.: 95
  A fortified Adriatic city celebrated for its monumental city walls and harmonious architectural styles.
• Abu Mena, Egypt
  UNESCO Reference No.: 90
  An early Christian pilgrimage site featuring basilicas, monasteries, and a baptistery.
• Ancient Thebes with its Necropolis, Egypt
  UNESCO Reference No.: 87
  A monumental archaeological site, home to magnificent temples and royal tombs of the Pharaohs.
• Historic Cairo, Egypt
  UNESCO Reference No.: 89
  A medieval Islamic city with iconic mosques, madrasas, and bustling marketplaces.
• Memphis and its Necropolis – the Pyramid Fields from Giza to Dahshur, Egypt
  UNESCO Reference No.: 86
  The heart of ancient Egypt, featuring iconic pyramids and vast burial grounds.
• Nubian Monuments from Abu Simbel to Philae, Egypt
  UNESCO Reference No.: 88
  A collection of monumental temples relocated to preserve them from the rising waters of the Aswan High Dam.
• Fasil Ghebbi, Gondar Region, Ethiopia
  UNESCO Reference No.: 19
  A fortress city blending African and European architectural styles, reflecting Ethiopia’s unique cultural history.
• Chartres Cathedral, France
  UNESCO Reference No.: 81
  A pinnacle of Gothic architecture, celebrated for its sculptures and stained-glass windows.
• Mont-Saint-Michel and its Bay, France
  UNESCO Reference No.: 80
  A medieval abbey perched on a tidal island, surrounded by dramatic coastal scenery.
• Palace and Park of Versailles, France
  UNESCO Reference No.: 83
  The epitome of French classical art and architecture, symbolizing absolute monarchy.
• Prehistoric Sites and Decorated Caves of the Vézère Valley, France
  UNESCO Reference No.: 85
  Home to some of the world’s most significant prehistoric art and archaeological sites.
• Vézelay, Church and Hill, France
  UNESCO Reference No.: 84
  A Romanesque masterpiece and important pilgrimage destination linked to the Crusades.
• Forts and Castles, Volta, Greater Accra, Central and Western Regions, Ghana
  UNESCO Reference No.: 34
  A collection of forts and castles central to the history of trade and slavery along the West African coast.
• Antigua Guatemala, Guatemala
  UNESCO Reference No.: 65
  A former colonial capital known for its well-preserved Baroque-style architecture.
• Meidan Eimam, Esfahan, Iran
  UNESCO Reference No.: 115
  A stunning square surrounded by architectural masterpieces of the Safavid era.
• Persepolis, Iran
  UNESCO Reference No.: 114
  The ceremonial capital of the Achaemenid Empire, famous for its monumental ruins.
• Tchogha Zanbil, Iran
  UNESCO Reference No.: 113
  A well-preserved ziggurat and temple complex of the ancient Elamite civilization.
• Rock Drawings in Valcamonica, Italy
  UNESCO Reference No.: 94
  Thousands of prehistoric petroglyphs illustrating early life and rituals.
• Natural and Culturo-Historical Region of Kotor, Montenegro
  UNESCO Reference No.: 125
  A breathtaking bay area with a blend of natural beauty and historical architecture.
• Kathmandu Valley, Nepal
  UNESCO Reference No.: 121
  An intricate cultural hub of temples, palaces, and courtyards spanning Hindu and Buddhist traditions.
• Bryggen, Norway
  UNESCO Reference No.: 59
  A historic harbor district reflecting Norway’s Hanseatic trading heritage.
• Urnes Stave Church, Norway
  UNESCO Reference No.: 58
  An iconic wooden church combining Norse and Christian architectural influences.
• Auschwitz Birkenau German Nazi Concentration and Extermination Camp, Poland
  UNESCO Reference No.: 31
  A haunting memorial to the victims of the Holocaust and a powerful symbol of remembrance.
• Stari Ras and Sopoćani, Serbia
  UNESCO Reference No.: 96
  An early medieval Serbian capital featuring remarkable monasteries and fortresses.
• Ancient City of Damascus, Syria
  UNESCO Reference No.: 20
  One of the oldest continuously inhabited cities, known for its rich history and vibrant markets.
• Amphitheatre of El Jem, Tunisia
  UNESCO Reference No.: 38
  A massive Roman amphitheater illustrating the grandeur of imperial Africa.
• Archaeological Site of Carthage, Tunisia
  UNESCO Reference No.: 37
  The remains of an ancient Phoenician city that became a major Roman metropolis.
• Medina of Tunis, Tunisia
  UNESCO Reference No.: 36
  A historic Islamic city featuring mosques, palaces, and bustling souks.
• Independence Hall, United States
  UNESCO Reference No.: 78
  The birthplace of American democracy, where the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution were debated and adopted.

Natural Heritage Sites

• Białowieża Forest, Poland and Belarus
  UNESCO Reference No.: 33
  A primeval forest straddling Poland and Belarus, home to the European bison and a living example of an ancient woodland ecosystem.
• Dinosaur Provincial Park, Canada
  UNESCO Reference No.: 71
  A rich paleontological site containing some of the most extensive fossil beds from the Cretaceous period.
• Kluane / Wrangell–St. Elias / Glacier Bay / Tatshenshini-Alsek, Canada/United States
  UNESCO Reference No.: 72
  A vast transboundary protected area featuring glaciers, towering peaks, and diverse wildlife, including grizzly bears and caribou.
• Plitvice Lakes National Park, Croatia (Yugoslavia)
  UNESCO Reference No.: 98
  Renowned for its cascading lakes and waterfalls, this karst landscape is rich in biodiversity and geological formations.
• Virunga National Park, DR Congo (Zaire)
  UNESCO Reference No.: 63
  Africa’s oldest national park, home to mountain gorillas, volcanoes, and exceptional biodiversity.
• Sagarmatha National Park, Nepal
  UNESCO Reference No.: 120
  A Himalayan haven dominated by Mount Everest, offering dramatic landscapes and serving as a sanctuary for snow leopards and red pandas.
• Grand Canyon National Park, United States
  UNESCO Reference No.: 75
  A monumental natural wonder carved by the Colorado River, showcasing millions of years of geological history.
• Everglades National Park, United States
  UNESCO Reference No.: 76
  A unique subtropical wetland ecosystem teeming with rare and endangered species, including the American crocodile and manatee.

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Mixed Heritage Sites

• Natural and Cultural Heritage of the Ohrid Region, North Macedonia (Yugoslavia) and Albania
  UNESCO Reference No.: 99
  An exceptional site combining natural beauty with historical and cultural significance, featuring the ancient Lake Ohrid and its historic monasteries.
• Tikal National Park, Guatemala
  UNESCO Reference No.: 64
  A significant Mayan city-state nestled in a lush tropical forest, containing archaeological treasures and diverse wildlife.
• Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania
  UNESCO Reference No.: 39
  A remarkable area where wildlife coexists with semi-nomadic Maasai pastoralists, featuring the world’s largest unbroken caldera and a wealth of archaeological sites.

1978 (2nd Session)

The 2nd session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee was held in Washington, D.C., in 1978. This groundbreaking event inaugurated the World Heritage List, recognizing 12 sites of outstanding universal value. These included 8 cultural and 4 natural sites, showcasing the breadth of human achievement and the wonders of nature.

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Cultural Heritage Sites

• L’Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site, Canada
  UNESCO Reference No.: 4
  The remains of an 11th-century Norse settlement, offering a glimpse into Viking exploration in North America.
• City of Quito, Ecuador
  UNESCO Reference No.: 2
  A beautifully preserved city blending Spanish colonial and Andean architectural styles.
• Rock-Hewn Churches, Lalibela, Ethiopia
  UNESCO Reference No.: 18
  Eleven medieval churches intricately carved into rock, representing extraordinary Ethiopian craftsmanship.
• Aachen Cathedral, Germany
  UNESCO Reference No.: 3
  A masterpiece of Carolingian architecture and the coronation church of German kings for centuries.
• Historic Centre of Kraków, Poland
  UNESCO Reference No.: 29
  An emblem of Poland’s medieval heritage, featuring Wawel Castle and stunning Gothic and Renaissance architecture.
• Wieliczka and Bochnia Royal Salt Mines, Poland
  UNESCO Reference No.: 32
  An extensive network of historic salt mines with underground chapels, sculptures, and remarkable artistry.
• Island of Gorée, Senegal
  UNESCO Reference No.: 26
  A poignant reminder of the transatlantic slave trade, preserving colonial architecture and historical landmarks.
• Mesa Verde National Park, United States
  UNESCO Reference No.: 27
  Spectacular cliff dwellings of the Ancestral Puebloans, offering unparalleled insight into pre-Columbian culture.

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Natural Heritage Sites

• Nahanni National Park, Canada
  UNESCO Reference No.: 24
  A breathtaking wilderness featuring deep canyons, dramatic waterfalls, and unique geological formations.
• Galápagos Islands, Ecuador
  UNESCO Reference No.: 1
  The inspiration for Darwin’s theory of evolution, these islands are home to extraordinary biodiversity and unique species.
• Simien National Park, Ethiopia
  UNESCO Reference No.: 9
  A dramatic mountain range with endemic wildlife such as the Ethiopian wolf and gelada baboon.
• Yellowstone National Park, United States
  UNESCO Reference No.: 28
  The world’s first national park, known for its geothermal wonders and diverse ecosystems.

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This historic session set the foundation for UNESCO’s mission to safeguard cultural and natural treasures for future generations.